<p>Nordåsvannet or Nordåsvatnet is a bay in the municipality of Bergen in central Hordaland county, Norway. Located about 10 km south of the centre of the city of Bergen, it separates the boroughs of Fana and Ytrebygda from the borough of Fyllingsdalen. Nordåsvannet has an area of about 5 km&sup2, and is connected to the Grimstadfjorden at its far western end. The entire fjord, consisting of the Grimstadfjorden and Nordåsvannet, is known as the Fjøsangerfjorden. It is approximately 11 km long.</p><br>
<p>The Bergen neighborhoods of Søreidegrenda, Nesttun, Paradis, Fjøsanger, Bønestoppen, and Straume are all located on the shores of Nordåsvannet. The Gamlehaugen mansion is located on the shores of the bay. Gamlehaugen is one of the Norwegian King&#39;s royal residences.</p><br>
<p>The Sugar Hill Historic District is a historic district in Detroit, Michigan. It contains 14 structures located along three streets: East Forest, Garfield, and East Canfield, between Woodward Avenue on the west and John R. on the east. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area where this district is now located was originally settled by Detroit&#39;s wealthier citizens in the 1880s, seeking suburban homes near Woodward Avenue and well out of downtown. Early residents included Detroit Edison Company presidents Alex Dow, president of; Herman Kiefer Hospital founder Dr. Guy L. Kiefer, and Detroit College of Medicine professor Dr. Nathaniel Webber. Around 1900, the area was a major center for Jewish Detroiters, as well as medical staff working at the hospitals nearby. The neighborhood remained substantially Jewish through the 1930s. As population pressure increased, however, apartments were constructed and what once were large single family homes were subdivided. In 1936, the first nightclub in what is now the Sugar Hill District opened, the Harlem Cave.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Detroit&#39;s first African American residents settled in Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. As the black population grew into the 1930s, the Paradise Valley area expanded up Hastings Street to Warren Avenue, and developed onto the parallel streets of St. Antoine, Beaubien, and Brush. However, the areas where black residents could move were limited due to enforced housing restrictions and covenants, and the areas on John R and westward remained segregated.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, however, Ernest White purchased the Gotham Hotel at the corner of John R and Orchestra Place just south of this district. Although the purchase was apparently a case of mistaken racial identity, it set a precedent, and more African-Americans began moving and establishing businesses in the area. At the same time, more clubs opened in the Sugar Hill district, some Jewish-owned, but an increasing number owned by African-Americans. By 1950 what had been a quiet residential neighborhood became a thriving entertainment district. The area east of Woodward where the Detroit Medical Center now stands became the center of the nightlife jazz scene in Detroit. SOme of the greatest musicians of the time stayed in hotels and played in clubs in the area. These included Count Basie, Billie Holiday, Muddy Waters, B. B. King, Dinah Washington, and John Lee Hooker. In addition, the entertainment world became gradually integrated as "black and tan" clubs - nightclubs open to patrons of both races - opened in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Sugar Hill jazz district flourished into the 1960s, and played a major factor in the early careers of Berry Gordy, Al Green, Jackie Wilson, Marvin Gaye, and other young performers who would go on the establish the Motown sound. However, the targeted urban renewal of the 1960s decimated Paradise Valley, and the expansion of the hospitals in the Detroit Medical Center area caused the demolition of what had been the heart of the entertainment district. In particular, a number of former clubs were razed to make room for the construction of the John Dingell Detroit Veterans&#39; Administration Hospital in the 1990s. The remaining structures in the Sugar Hill district were considered for demolition as late as the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>However, there has been recent investment in the district. In June 2010, the rehabilitation of the Garfield Manor Apartments (71 Garfield) was completed. The building is intended as artist residences and studios and includes solar power, solar water heaters, water reclamation, and geothermal heating. Plans call next for a residential and commercial building to be constructed on the corner of John R. and Garfield. The building will be dubbed the "Sugar Hill Building."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Sugar Hill Historic District contains 14 structures constructed between 1885 and 1938, including single-family houses, apartment buildings, a church, and commercial buildings. The district is the largest portion remaining of a flourishing 1940s and 1950s neighborhood which had a large concentration of black-owned or operated jazz venues other commercial enterprises.</p><br>
<p>The Garfield Building (separately designated on the National Register) stands at the corner of Woodward and Garfield in the center of the district, as does the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit. These buildings, although physically adjacent to the Sugar Hill Historic District, are not included in the district proper.</p><br>
<p>Two of the structures in the district have been demolished: the York Apartments at 74 Garfield, which was demolished after a fire in the summer of 2008, and the Randora Hotel at 92-98 Garfield, demolished in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The structures included in the district are:</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>Agnes Inglis house, 102 Garfield (1891) This house was built for Agnes Inglis in 1891, and was the home of Alex Dow from 1907 to 1922. The building was used from 1922 to 1934 by the Chaffee-Noble School of Expression, a private school. In 1938, the house was subdivided and used as a rooming house. The house is a 2-1/2 story brick Queen Anne side gable structure with a two-story polygonal bay and large front gable dormer. The bay tower is accented with stone string courses, a stone band separates the double-hung sash widows from their transoms.</p><br>
<p>Dr. N.W. Webber house, 76 E. Forest (1885) Prominent physician Nathaniel W. Webber lived in this house from 1887 to 1895. It was subdivided into apartments in the 1940s, and contained a club. The house is a 2-1/2 story brick Queen Anne structure with a prominent projecting two story bay and pyramidal roof. The entry door is wood and glass with an arched top, flanked by two long, slender double hung windows A simple porch with triangular pediment covers the entryway. Two decorated dormers are on the roof.</p><br>
<p>McCollester house, 4635 John R. (1905) This was the home of Dr. Guy Kiefer from 1912 to 1915. It was later converted into apartments, with retail space in the basement. This retail space has been used as a barber shop from the 1950s until at least the mid-2000s. This two-story Tudor Revival structure, constructed primarily of bricks but with wood siding at the cross-gable. The gable overhangs the entryway porch, and is supported with a bracket.</p><br>
<h3>Hotels and Apartment Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Garfield Manor Apartments, 71 Garfield (1922) The Garfield Manor was originally constructed as housing for doctors and nurses. This population soon gave way to auto workers during the boom years during and after World War II. It has been recently refurbished. The Garfield Manor is a three-story brick Beaux Arts building, consisting of three rectangular sections connected by an inner spine. The facade is symmetrical, containing a center double door with arched transom and surround. Windows are double-hung, and the facade includes decorative glazed terra cotta tiles.</p><br>
<p>York Apartments, 74 Garfield (1928) The York Apartments originally housed a large number of nurses. By the 1950s, the majority of the people living in the York were working-class black men. The York Apartments has been demolished. The building was a four-story flat roofed brick structure, consisting of three rectangular sections connected by an inner spine and holding 50 apartments. The facade featured corbelled brickwork, limestone sills for the windows, and multi-colored ornamental glazed terra cotta tile panels. Two projecting bays with triangular parapets flanked the center entrance.</p><br>
<p>Randora Hotel, 92-98 Garfield (1909) The Randora Hotel was originally a single-family home, built for prominent Detroit businessman Theo Backus. In 1954-55, the building was enlarged and adapted as a hotel by Randolph Wallace. Wallace was a black entrepreneur and one of two black club owners in the district, and he established the Randora to cater to black clientele in an era when hotels were still segregated. The Randora Hotel has been demolished. The Randora was a three-story brick building with two projecting wings on either side of the single story front entrance. The hotel had a bar and ballroom, and provided nightly entertainment.</p><br>
<p>Lay Thorne Apartments, 4413-15 John R. (1910) The Lay Thorne was built to house six families. It was built and designed by architect T.W Cooper. It is a three-story brick symmetrical flat roof Commercial Style apartment building with two full height three-part bays flanking the center entrance. The corners have raised brick quoins and there is a double stringcourse in above the third floor windows.</p><br>
<p>Carlton Apartments, 4425-27 John R. (1909) The Carlton is almost identical to the Lay Thorne, save it lacks the brick quoining and has limestone lintels.</p><br>
<p>Carver Hotel, 87-89 Canfield (1926) The Carver was built in 1926 for white clients, but by the 1950s catered to a black clientele. The Carver also contained a restaurant on the ground floor. This is a four-story brick Renaissance Revival hotel contains four rectangular sections connected by a spine. The front facade has five arches at ground level outlining door and window openings. Limestone stringcourses are between the first and second floors and between the third floor and the roof.</p><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian), 92 E. Forest (1915) Church of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) congregation built this church and used it until 1940, when the congregation moved to Royal Oak. The Grace Baptist Missionary Church then moved into the building. It later housed social service agency Crossroads of Michigan, but has been vacant since 2008. The building was purchased by Midtown Detroit Inc in 2011. The church is a simple two-story brick Gothic Revival structure with four large arched windows per side. A single large, arched window covers most of the upper facade, below which is an arched limestone vestibule. Two pilasters flank the arched window.</p><br>
<h3>Commercial Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Palmetto Garage, 52 E. Forest (1926) This building was constructed to offer private parking to the residents of the Palmetto Apartments, located on John R and Hancock. It was used by the Palmetto until 1933, after which it was used as an auto repair shop. It currently houses the N&#39;Namdi Center for Contemporary Art. The building is a single-story brick commercial structure divided into three bays. The narrower end bays contain doorways and the wider center bay windows.</p><br>
<p>Welker Letter Company, 66 E. Forest (1938) This industrial building housed a printing company from 1938 until to the 1960s. It was later used by a number of other businesses, including a dairy, a drug-counseling center, and a child care center. It is currently part of the N&#39;Namdi Center for Contemporary Art. The building is a single-story, International Style brick commercial building with a flat roof.</p><br>
<p>Canwood Garage, 99 Canfield (1929) The Canwood garage likely provided parking spaces for the patrons of the next door Carver Hotel. The building is a one-story, red brick Commercial Style building with flat roof. Two large bays flank a smaller center opening.</p><br>
<p>Unnamed building, 109-117 Canfield (1918) This building has three storefronts. The corner store housed Jewish-owned pharmacy from 1929 to 1957. The building is a one-story, red brick Commercial Style building with flat roof. The three storefronts are tied together by a common parapet.</p><br>
<p>Gasparillo  is a small island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is one of the Bocas Islands , which lie in the Bocas del Dragón  between the main island of Trinidad and Venezuela. The island is currently uninhabited.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Gasparillo is actually made up of two islands separated by several metres of rocks. However the second island is very small and is not independently named. The main island a little over 200 metres in length but is very narrow, less than 50 metres at its widest point, approximately 8,000 m in area. It is, as with most islands around the Paria Peninsular, covered with dry forest vegetation, and composed of a limestone bedrock with caves. Several species of birds nest at the island, including the short-tailed swift that nest on the eastern side of the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Gasparillo name has been derived because of its small size relative to the much larger Gaspar Grande Island, located just to the south of it. It has also been called Scorpion Island and Centipede Island due to the nature of its fauna. Sometime in the 19th century, it was also referred to as Gopee, based on one of its owners "Guppy", a Trinidad naturalist. He did not retain possession of the island due to a failure of paying land tax.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century it was bought or leased by a businessman, C.C. Stollmeyer, with the intent of quarrying limestone from the island. However he found the makeup of the island was not conducive to the venture due to its hollowness. He subsequently leased the smaller island to the Gransaull family who built a holiday home. The government regained possession of the island when the United States was leased areas in Trinidad under the Destroyers for Bases Agreement in 1940 during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Presidio Nuestra Señora de Loreto de la Bahía, known more commonly as Presidio La Bahia, or simply La Bahia is a fort constructed by the Spanish Army that became the nucleus of the modern-day city of Goliad, Texas, United States. The current location dates to 1747.</p><br>
<p>Today, the presidio is probably most famous for the part it played the Texas Revolution: namely the Battle of Goliad in October 1835, and the Goliad Massacre in March 1836. It was restored in the 1960&#39;s and became a National Historic Landmark in 1967. While several adjacent historical sites in Goliad are now part of the Texas state parks system, La Bahia is owned by the Catholic Diocese of Victoria, Texas but operates as public museum. It continues to be the subject of noted archaeological research.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1721 on the ruins of the failed French Fort Saint Louis, the presidio was moved to a location on the Guadalupe River in 1726. In 1747, the presidio and its mission were moved to their current location on the San Antonio River. By 1771, the presidio had been rebuilt in stone and had become "the only Spanish fortress for the entire Gulf Coast from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the Mississippi River". The civilian settlement, later named Goliad, sprang up around the presidio in the late 18th century; the area was one of the three most important in Spanish Texas.</p><br>
<p>The presidio was captured by insurgents twice during the Mexican War of Independence, by the Republican Army of the North in 1813 and by the Long Expedition in 1821. Each time the insurgents were later defeated by Spanish troops. By the end of 1821, Texas became part of the newly formed United Mexican States. La Bahía was one of the two major garrisons in Mexican Texas and lay halfway between San Antonio de Béxar (the political center of Spanish Texas) and Copano, the then major port in Texas. In October 1835, days after the beginning of the Texas Revolution, a group of Texian insurgents marched on La Bahía. After a 30-minute battle, the Mexican garrison surrendered and the Texians gained control of the presidio, which they soon renamed Fort Defiance.</p><br>
<p>During the siege of the Alamo, Texian commander William B. Travis several times asked La Bahía commander James Fannin to bring reinforcements. Although Fannin and his men attempted a relief mission, they abandoned the attempt the following day. After the fall of the Alamo, General Sam Houston ordered Fannin to abandon La Bahía. He did so on March 19, 1836, but took a leisurely path. Following the Battle of Coleto, the La Bahía garrison was captured and imprisoned in the Presidio.</p><br>
<p>On March 27, 1836, the Texian captives were marched outside the presidio walls and executed, an event known as the Goliad Massacre.</p><br>
<p>Today, the location is a restored historical site, considered among the most attractive Spanish presidio sites in the United States. Directly adjacent, though technically a separate property, is the Fannin Memorial Monument commemorating the massacre.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Spain claimed control over the area now known as Texas, yet in the late 17th century the area between Mexico and Florida, within the domain of New Spain, increasingly became a lesser priority. Taking advantage of Spains disinterest, France in 1685 authorized Robert de La Salle to organize a colony in northern New Spain. La Salle intended to put his colony along the Mississippi River, but poor maps and improper navigation decisions led La Salles expedition to the west shore of Matagorda Bay in Spanish Texas. Believing the French colony was a threat to Spanish mining interests and shipping routes, Spanish King Carlos IIs Council of War recommended that "Spain needed swift action to remove this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America. The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment.&#39;" After several years of searching, in early 1689 a Spanish expedition led by Alonso De León located the site of Fort Saint Louis. Several months earlier, Karankawa Indians had destroyed the fort and killed most of the colonists. The returning Spaniards burned the fort and buried the French cannons.</p><br>
<p>Alonso De León recommended that Spanish authorities establish presidios at the Rio Grande, the Frio River, and the Guadalupe River. Due to a shortage of funds the Spanish government chose not to establish any presidios. Consequently several Spanish missions in East Texas struggled from 1691 to 1693, until they failed, leaving Texas again unprotected by Spain.</p><br>
<p>France during the subsequent decades established a presence in Louisiana, causing the Spanish to see their claimed territories threatened with French exploitation and colonization. Spain re-established the East Texas missions in 1716, this time accompanied by a garrisoned presidio. After difficulties with France during the 1719-1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance the Spanish determined to increase their military presence in Texas and in 1721 the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, governor of Texas and Coahuila, founded Presidio La Bahia on the site of La Salle&#39;s former fort. When Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga (also known as La Bahia) in 1722 was established nearby for the Coco, Karankawa, and Cujane Indians, a military garrison of 99 men were stationed at the Presidio.</p><br>
<p>Priests at the nearby mission were unable to find an effective means of enticing the Karankawa into mission life or Catholic teachings. In April 1725 the friars requested that the mission be moved to a more favorable location. The next year both the presidio—retaining the name "Presidio La Bahía"—and Mission Espíritu Santo were relocated 26 mi inland, along the Guadalupe River in what is now Victoria County. The presidio and the mission remained at these sites for the next 23 years.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment on the San Antonio River</h2><br>
<p>In 1747, the Spanish government sent José de Escandón to inspect the northern frontier of the North American colonies. Escandón assigned La Bahias captain, Joaquín Prudencio de Orobio y Basterra, to evaluate South Texas. On reading Orobios report, Escandón recommended that La Bahia be moved from its Guadalupe River location to the banks of the San Antonio River, so that it would be more capable of assisting settlements along the Rio Grande. Both the presidio and the mission likely moved in October 1749. Escandón proposed that 25 Mexican families be relocated near the presidio to form a civilian settlement but was unable to find enough willing settlers.</p><br>
<p>In February 1750, the new presidio was under the command of Captain Manuel Ramírez de la Piszena. Piszena had personally paid for a stone house to be built for himself, and the 50 soldiers in the garrison lived either in a large barracks or in one of 40 temporary wood homes that had been built for those with families. A chapel had also been built for the presidio. The presidio was fortified with six 8-lb cannon. Soldiers alternated guard duty at the presidio and the mission; others were assigned to guard the presidio horses or to protect supply trains coming from the Rio Grande or San Antonio de Béxar from attacks by Lipan Apache raiding parties.</p><br>
<p>With the conclusion of the Seven Years War in 1767, France ceded Louisiana, and French claims to Texas, to Spain. With France no longer a threat to Spains North American interests, the Spanish monarchy commissioned the Marquis de Rubi to inspect all of the presidios on the northern frontier of New Spain and make recommendations for the future. Rubi recommended that several presidios be closed, but that La Bahia be kept and rebuilt in stone. La Bahia was soon ""the only Spanish fortress for the entire Gulf Coast from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the Mississippi River". The presidio now sat at the heart of several major trade and military routes. It quickly became one of the three most important areas in Texas, alongside Béxar and Nacogdoches.</p><br>
<h2>Mexican independence</h2><br>
<p>The Mexican War of Independence began in 1810 at the instigation of Miguel Hidalgo. At the end of November, Texas governor Manuel María de Salcedo received notice that Hidalgo and his confederates Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama were expected to invade Texas, and that Salcedo was expected to capture them. On January 2, 1812, Salcedo summoned troops throughout Texas to Bexar, leaving La Bahia with a minimal force. Mexican revolutionary Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara had been in the United States organizing support for the revolution. In early August 1812, his recruits under the name, the Republican Army of the North, invaded Texas. In November, Salcedo led Spanish Army forces to the Guadalupe River to ambush the Republican Army of the North. One of the soldiers was captured, however, and revealed details of the ambush. The invading army turned south to avoid the trap and quickly captured Presidio La Bahia. Salcedo promptly began a siege of the fort. The siege lasted four months, with occasional skirmishes.</p><br>
<p>Unable to win a decisive victory, Salcedo lifted the siege on February 19, 1813 and turned towards San Antonio de Bexar. The rebels remained in control of the presidio until July or August 1813, when José Joaquín de Arredondo led royalist troops in retaking all of Texas. A member of the Republican Army of the North, Henry Perry, led forces back to Texas in 1817 and attempted to recapture La Bahia. The presidio was reinforced by soldiers from San Antonio, and Perry and his men were defeated on June 18 near Coleto Creek.</p><br>
<p>La Bahia was again the target of invaders in 1821. After the United States and Spain signed the Adams-Onís Treaty, giving all rights to Texas to Spain, many Americans were angry. On October 4, 1821, the 52 members of the Long Expedition captured La Bahia. Four days later, Colonel Ignacio Pérez arrived with troops from Bexar; Long surrendered. By the end of 1821, Mexico had achieved independence from Spain, and Texas became part of the newly created country.</p><br>
<h2>Texas Revolution</h2><br>
<h3>Battle of Goliad</h3><br>
<p>By 1835, La Bahia was one of two major garrisons within Mexican Texas, alongside the Alamo at Bexar. Bexar was the political center of Texas, and La Bahia lay halfway between it and the major Texas port of Copano. Within days of the opening of the Texas Revolution in October 1835, members of the Texian militia in Matagorda decided to march on La Bahia to kidnap Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos. Other Texas settlers flocked to the march, bringing the number of Texian volunteers to approximately 125 men. Although the Texians learned that Cos had already departed La Bahia to travel to Bexar, they continued their march. Several of the Tejanos who lived near Goliad joined the Texian force, reporting that Colonel Juan López Sandoval commanded only 50 men, far fewer than the number necessary to defend the entire perimeter of the presidio.</p><br>
<p>In the pre-dawn hours of October 10, 1835, the Texians attacked the presidio. The Mexican soldiers opened fire, hitting Samuel McCulloch, a freed slave, in the shoulder. The Mexican garrison immediately surrendered.</p><br>
<p>Over the next several days, more Texian settlers joined the group at La Bahia. Stephen F. Austin, the commander-in-chief of the newly formed Texian Army, ordered that 100 men remain at La Bahia, under the command of Philip Dimmitt, while the rest should join the Texian Army in marching on Cos&#39;s troops in Bexar. The Texians also gained control of several cannon.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of the Alamo support</h3><br>
<p>At some point, Colonel James Fannin became the commander of the troops at La Bahia. He renamed the presidio Fort Defiance. In February 1836, President Antonio López de Santa Anna led a large force of Mexican Army troops into Texas to quell the revolution. Santa Anna and part of his force entered Bexar on February 23 and initiated a siege of the Alamo. Alamo commander William B. Travis immediately sent a courier to Fannin, asking him to provide reinforcements to the Alamo. At first unable to make up his mind, Fannin finally decided to ride to the relief of the Alamo.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of February 26, 1836, he set out with 320 men, 4 cannon, and several supply wagons for the 90 mi march from Goliad to the Alamo. Barely 200 yd into their journey, one of the wagons broke down, and the expedition stopped for repairs. The group then took six hours to cross the waist-deep water of the San Antonio River. By the time they reached the other side it was dark, and the men camped along the river. The cold front reached Goliad that evening, and the poorly-dressed soldiers were "quickly chilled and miserable" in the driving rain. On awakening, Fannin realized that all of the Texian oxen had wandered off, and that his men had neglected to pack food for the journey. It took most of the day for the men to round up the oxen; after two days of travel, Fannin&#39;s men had not even ventured 1 mi from their fort.</p><br>
<p>In a letter to Acting Governor James Robinson, Fannin said that his officers approached him to ask that the rescue trip be cancelled, as they had received word that General Urrea&#39;s army was marching towards Goliad.</p><br>
<h3>Goliad Massacre</h3><br>
<p>After learning of the fall of the Alamo, General Sam Houston ordered Fannin and his men to abandon La Bahia and fall back to Victoria. They began the retreat on March 19, 1836, carrying with them nine pieces of artillery but little food or water. Fannin showed no signs of haste, and on the banks of Coleto Creek Mexican General José de Urrea and his men attacked. Although the Texians initially repulsed the attacks, they soon ran out of water and Fannin surrendered.</p><br>
<p>The Texians were escorted back to La Bahia, arriving by March 22, 1836. Although Urrea requested that Santa Anna treat the prisoners with clemency, on March 27, 1836, the men were marched from the fort and executed by Mexican soldiers, in an event known as the Goliad Massacre.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s, local philanthropist Kathryn O&#39;Connor donated $1 million to restore the presidio. Construction took place between 1963 and 1968, under the oversight of architect Raiford Stripling. The building was essentially rebuilt from the ground up to look exactly as it had originally. In his Spanish Missions of Texas, Herbert Malloy Mason remarked that the presidio was one of "the finest examples of</p><br>
<p>Spanish ecclesiastical building on the North American continent".</p><br>
<p>The Roma Historic District in Roma, Texas preserves an intact example of a border town in the lower Rio Grande valley. The town was an important port and transshipment point on the Rio Grande from 1829 to the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The architecture of Roma mirrors its sister city of Ciudad Mier on the Mexican side of the river, as well as Guerrero Viejo upriver. Roma is notable for its buildings of river sandstone, caliche limestone and molded brick, using rejoneado (patterned large and small stones) and sillar (stone laid in an ashlar pattern) masonry techniques. Both methods employ an outer finish of rough lime plaster detailed with bands of smooth colored plaster, characteristic of northern Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Roma also features innovative use of molded brick, brought to Roma by German immigrant Enrique (Heinrich) Portscheller, who used techniques of flat brick roofing from Monterrey to Mier, then developed a decorative brick used in Roma, Mier, Rio Grande City and Laredo. Portscheller designed buildings with his products and used wrought iron balconies in a manner reminiscent of both New Orleans and Monterrey. Roma preserves the bulk of his extant work.</p><br>
<p>The historic district includes the 1928 Roma-Ciudad Miguel Alemán International Bridge, a State Antiquities Landmark, as well as the river wharfs and custom house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Roma was established in 1821 in what had been the Spanish province of Nuevo Santander. The site offered a convenient crossing on the Rio Grande, which became known as El Paso de la Mula (Pass of the Mules). The area was notable for a salt trade from the Roma area to Monterrey. The Roma area became the Mexican province of Tamaulipas with Mexican independence, but then became part of Texas with the establishment of the Republic of Texas in 1835. Although there was a battle at Mier during the Mexican-American War in 1848, the region remained part of Texas. During the American Civil War the region became wealthy on the cotton trade, which was transshipped via Mexico to Europe. While steamboats were able to access Roma through the mid-nineteenth century, lowering water levels as a result of development upstream ended river shipment by the 1880s. Bypassed by railroads, Roma stagnated and inadvertently preserved itself from development.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Roma Historic District comprises 38 contributing buildings, of which 16 are stone buildings from the 1829-1870 period and 19 are brick buildings from the 1880-1900 period. The district may be divided into the following areas:</p><br>
<p>Plaza Area The plaza area features an open-ended plaza that faces the Rio Grande and Mexico on the far bank. It the northern end is the tower of the Catholic Church, on axis with the plaza. The lower plaza is defined by walled compounds built for the Vale-Garcia, Cox, Guerra, Saenz and Ramirez families. These compounds included commercial uses, particularly the Guerra store that dominated the town&#39;s commerce.</p><br>
<p>Wharf Area The wharf area along Hidalgo Street and upwards to Juarez and Estrella Streets dealt with river commerce and consist of warehouses and stores, as well as the Roma-Cuidad Miguel Aleman Bridge. It is associated with the Arroyo de San Pedro.</p><br>
<p>Customs House Area The customs house area includes Lincoln and Water Streets, comprising a mixture of commercial and residential structures, chiefly of stone construction and dominated by a brick family compound at Zaragoza and Estrella. The customs house was placed on the highest point on the bluff.</p><br>
<p>Northwestern Zone The northwestern zone is associated with the Arroyo de los Negros, the location of a secondary ferry crossing on the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>The Roma Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993. In addition to the international bridge, the Manuel Guerra Home and Store is also a State Antiquities Landmark. The district is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark (RTHL) listed as Early Commercial Center, and includes several individual RTHLs.</p><br>
<p>Mount Lauro is a mountain reaching 986 metres located in south-eastern Sicily belonging to the chain of Hyblaean Mountains, stretching between three provinces of Catania, Ragusa and Siracusa. Together with the adjacent mountains, Monte Lauro is part of a complex of Miocene volcanic submarine, no longer active.</p><br>
<p>From its slopes, which currently hosts more than 2330 hectares of coniferous forests of Mediterranean and extending into the territories of Buccheri, Buscemi, Chiaramonte Gulfi, Ferla, Giarratana, Licodia Eubea, Monterosso Almo, Vizzini and Carlentini, originate many rivers including the Ánapo, Dirillo and Irminio. Mount Lauros name seems to derive from the Latin laurus alloro, as in the past there were many laurel trees. Due to its height as the largest in the area, located near the peaks are numerous antenna installations for radio stations and television transmitters.</p><br>
<p>The Irminio is a 55 km long river located in south-eastern Sicily and is also the most important of the rivers of the province of Ragusa.</p><br>
<p>The river springs from Monte Lauro, the main peak of the Hyblaean Mountains, which form the main part of the mountainous southeast of Sicily and runs across the province from north-east to south-west before flowing into the Mediterranean Sea 2.5 km east of Marina di Ragusa. Its main affluences are the streams Cava Volpe, Ciaramite, Mastratto, and near Ragusa Ibla the streams San Leonardo and Santa Domenica.</p><br>
<h2>Natural reserves</h2><br>
<p>Halfway through its course the river is housing a small area classified as Oasi Irminio for the brown trout and at its mouth the Natural reserve Macchia Foresta del fiume Irminio of 134 hectare.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>The 10 November 1976 works started to build a dam along the river in the area between Ragusa and Giarratana. The structure, 57.10 m tall, was completed in 1983 to create the Lago di Santa Rosalia, a reservoir for agricultural use but also used for recreational fishing.</p><br>
<p>The Scex Rouge  is a mountain of the Alps, overlooking Les Diablerets in the canton of Vaud. Along with the Oldenhorn to the east, it is one of the main peaks of the Diablerets, a huge ice-covered mountain near the western end of the Bernese Alps, straddling the border between the cantons of Vaud, Valais and Bern, and exceeding 3,000 metres above sea level. On its west side, the Scex Rouge is part of a nearly 2,000 metre-high amphitheatre of cliffs surrounding the Creux de Champ valley, south of Les Diablerets. On its southeast side, the Scex Rouge overlooks the Tsanfleuron Glacier, the largest in the massif. Administratively, the mountain is part of the municipality of Ormont-Dessus, which also includes Les Diablerets.</p><br>
<p>The Scex Rouge is connected from the Col du Pillon (Vaud) by two aerial tramways operated by Glacier 3000. The first leads to the summit of the Tête aux Chamois (2,525 m), which can also be reached from Reusch and Oldenegg on the Bernese side. From the Tête aux Chamois, a second aerial tramway leads to near the summit of the Scex Rouge, or more precisely, a 2,965 metre-high subsidiary summit. The mountain station lies at an elevation of 2,940 metres and consists of a large building, designed by Mario Botta, including a panoramic restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The true summit of the Scex Rouge can now be reached by a bridge connecting it with the subsidiary peak, which is in turn connected to the station by stairs. The 107 metre-long so-called "suspension bridge" (without towers), called Peak Walk, was inaugurated in October 2014.</p><br>
<p>The area is used for winter sports from October to May, with several ski lifts being located on the Tsanfleuron Glacier. In the summer season, several hiking trails cross the glacier between the Scex Rouge, the Quille du Diable and the Oldensattel, at the foot of the Oldenhorn. The Glacier 3000 company also operates a snow coach on the glacier. The Scex Rouge itself can be reached by experienced hikers from Reusch via the Oldensattel or from Derborence and the Sanetsch Pass via the Quille du Diable. Two other more difficult access are from Les Diablerets via the Col de Prapio and from the Col du Pillon via the Scex Rouge Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The first connection to the Scex Rouge was inaugurated on July 1964, at the time of Expo64, the fifth Swiss national exhibition. It remains nowadays the highest mountain of the canton with public transport access.</p><br>
<p>The Dodge-Greenleaf House is on NY 211 in Otisville, New York, United States. It was built circa 1855 in the Gothic Revival style. The architect is unknown but it exemplifies contemporary trends in home design popularized by the writings and pattern books of Andrew Jackson Downing of nearby Newburgh, as articulated in the Picturesque mode.</p><br>
<p>Since its construction it has remained a private home. At one point it was owned by the Erie Railroad, used as worker housing while it was building the Otisville Tunnel beneath the property. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 2008, the first in Otisville to be so listed.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a slightly sloping 2.1 acre lot between Route 211 and Main Street, on the west side of Otisville near where the highway crests a low area of the Shawangunk Ridge. A neighboring 1.5 acre parcel is included in the Register listing, for a total of 3.6 acre including the house, three outbuildings, two objects, a ruin and a non-contributing swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story frame with a two-story wing to the rear, giving it an L-shape. The facade is three bays wide. The green rolled asphalt roof is steeply pitched, cross-gabled with smaller dormer gables. Bargeboards decorate the cornices of the intersecting gables, with turned finials at the apexes. Two large brick chimneys further accentuate the vertical Gothic motifs.</p><br>
<p>A veranda on brick piers matches the Gothic trim on the gables, with clustered octagonal-capitalled columns and open-work tracery at the soffitt. Below the deck, wooden latticework fills the gaps between the piers.</p><br>
<p>The recessed center entrance has a Tudor frontispiece, opening to the main hallway, and is flanked by two smaller openings with French doors, leading to the living and dining rooms. A kitchen and den complete the first floor. The floors in all rooms save the den are sawn-oak parquet, and the ten-foot (3 m) ceilings have cornices, some with detail work in the plaster. All window and door openings have wide architraves with rounded molding, a typical feature of Picturesque buildings. The living room wall has wainscot and a bay window with corbeled plaster arch. The decor includes two fireplaces with Italianate marble mantelpieces and period coal grates. Under the keystone of the den mantel is carved "ASD" for Algernon S. Dodge, first owner of the house.</p><br>
<p>The wing has the same features as the full house, with which it was once connected. Of the detached contributing buildings and structures, the barn features the most Gothic detailing, especially on its window surrounds. It was painted gray, and made with</p><br>
<p>board-and-batten siding, as was the -story potting shed. The rafter tails are exposed and curved, another Gothic touch.</p><br>
<p>The outhouse also used board-and-batten siding with Gothic detail on the trim. Unusually, it has two holes for adults with one for a child. Other contributing structures on the site include an old gas pump near the barn, a cut-granite hitching post and a remnant of the early foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Algernon Dodge, keeper of the local general store, bought the property from its original owners, the Loomis family, in 1851. He was an active local businessman, owner of 13 sawmills across nearby Sullivan County and a director of the Otisville & Wurtsboro Turnpike Company, operators of the road that has since become Route 211. He married one of the Loomis daughters, and lived in the house from the time of its completion to his death in 1881, shortly after some renovations and expansions that likely included the addition of the rear wing.</p><br>
<p>His son Alsop inherited it, but moved to Colorado shortly afterwards. He retained ownership of the house until selling it in 1902 to a William E. Morse, who in turn sold it roughly four years later to a subsidiary of the Erie Railroad for $5, so it could build the mile-long (1.6 km) tunnel still in use under the property. The supervising engineer for the tunnel, considered an engineering marvel in its day, lived in the house for at least some of the time it was under construction.</p><br>
<p>In 1908, with the tunnel complete, the railroad sold the house to Oscar Shaw Greenleaf for $1. His son Oscar Benton Greenleaf, who later became a local philanthropist, lived there until 1984. He sold the house to another couple who lived there for two decades, selling to the present owners in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetic</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the houses construction, in the early 1850s, American domestic architecture was undergoing a transition from the Greek Revival style exemplified in the Avery Cook house adjacent to the Dodge property to the cottage-style homes advocated by Andrew Jackson Downing in books such as The Architecture of Country Houses and Rural Residences. Downing had died in a steamboat explosion in 1852, but Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia had filled the pattern-book void with titles like Sloans Homestead Architecture and American Houses, a Variety of Designs for Rural Buildings, featuring designs showing the influence of Downing and his theories. Algernon Dodge, by building a house so clearly in the newer style, was on the leading edge of the tastes of his time in rural areas</p><br>
<p>The Dodge-Greenleaf Houses detailing is similar to many of Sloans examples, although they were published slightly later than the period generally accepted as that in which it was built. The steeply pitched gables, high chimneys and filials are the most striking Gothic Revival component of the exterior; although the house is generally symmetrical its intersecting gables give it a strong Picturesque quality as well. Original vertical board-and-batten siding also exemplified the style. The interior is more conventionally Picturesque, with the finished marble suggesting a later Italianate influence, perhaps from the 1870s renovations.</p><br>
<p>Soldado Rock or Soldier&#39;s Rock, formerly known as Soldado Island, is a small island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located in the Gulf of Paria 10 km off Icacos Point in Trinidad and north of the Venezuelan mainland. The island was originally a possession of the Venezuelan government, but became part of the territory of Trinidad and Tobago in 1942. The island is a wildlife sanctuary since being declared in 1934.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Soldado Rock is made up of limestone fossils from the Paleocene age and includes Eocene rock formations. The highest elevation point is 35 meters (115 ft) and its area is 1 hectare. Reefs surround the island to the east for 1.2 km (0.75 miles), and to the south-south east and south-east. There are no trees on the island but different types of vegetation including plumbago and portulaca. There are other small rock formations near the island, including Pelican Rock and Black Rock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>On August 2, 1498, Christopher Columbus sailed near the island during his Third Voyage in the Serpent&#39;s Mouth and named the island El Gallo (Spanish for "The Cock"). Columbus anchored near the island and encountered native Amerindians in canoes prior to landing on Trinidad for the first time. Its current name is derived from the Spanish word for "Soldier". It was named in the 17th century after a Spanish boat shipwrecked near the island when a number of soldiers and sailors on board were rescued from the island. In the 19th century, it was also referred to as Île du Soldat (French) as charted by Dauxion Lavaysse in 1813.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife sanctuary</h3><br>
<p>The island was proclaimed a wildlife sanctuary in 1934 primarily for protection of seabirds granting it full legal protection by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Division. Key species identified in the sanctuary protection include the sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus) and brown noddy (Anous stolidus). The island is a nesting ground for these species during the months of March and July. Other species noted on the island include the sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis), grey-breasted martin (Progne chalybea), magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), and brown booby (Sula leucogaster).</p><br>
<p>A subspecies of the short-tailed zygodont or common cane mouse (Zygodontomys brevicauda soldadoensis) was first identified on the island in 1965 and published in the American Museum of Natural History. Other animals observed on the island include the cane toad (Rhinella marina) and green iguana (Iguana iguana).</p><br>
<h3>Ownership negotiations</h3><br>
<p>After Trinidad became a British colony in 1797 from Spain, Soldado Rock remained a disputed territory between Venezuela and British Trinidad and Tobago. Negotiations for settling the border dispute and defining the maritime boundary between the two countries began in 1939 and were led by geologist Hans Kugler. Negotiations were influenced by considerations for placing anti-submarine devices between Venezuela and T&T territory as World War II was underway. As part of the negotiated agreement, Venezuela would cede Soldado Rock to T&T for Patos Island in the Dragon&#39;s Mouth, located 4 km east of the Venezuelan mainland. The agreements were formalized on February 26, 1942 in Caracas.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>During World War II the island was used as target practice for bombing and machine guns, which led to some damage on the island. The areas around the island form part of the Southwest Soldado Field, a hydrocarbon area important to the oil and gas industry in Trinidad. It is estimated that 43 million barrels of oil in proven reserves exist in the oilfield. Production of the oilfield first started in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The waters around Soldado Rock are popular for local fishermen due to an abundance of fish in the area, but are dangerous due to rapid tide changes and numerous rocks. The area has been an issue of contention, with fishers from Trinidad and Tobago claiming to be arrested by the Venezuelan National Guard within T&T&#39;s maritime borders. The area around the island has also seen piracy attacks on fishers and drug trade activity.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 9 at Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas is the oldest USA Air Force aircraft storage and repair facility, and the only surviving hangar from World War I. The base was renamed Brooks City-Base in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 9 was one of sixteen similar wood structures built at Brooks Field early in 1918. By the 1960s, only Hangar 9 remained. When, in the 1960s the Air Force proposed Hangar 9&#39;s demolition, the Bexar County Historical Society was given permission to restore the building. The building was dedicated as the Edward H. White II Aviation Museum in 1968. The museum, then known as the Edward H. White II Museum of Aerospace Medicine, closed in 2011 with the closing of the base.</p><br>
<p>Hangar 9 is located in the Brooks City-Base mixed-use community being developed on the site of the former air base. The development authority has proposed to preserve the historic area around the property.</p><br>
<p>It is being used for weddings and events.</p><br>
<p>Saut d&#39;Eau, French for "Waterfall", is a small island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located just off the north coast of main island of Trinidad  in the Caribbean Sea. It is one of thirteen government protected wildlife sanctuaries, one of two breeding grounds for pelicans in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The islands highest point is 106 metres and its area is approximately 100,000 m. Its geology comprises several jagged cliffs rising to a high elevation given the islands small size. Its flora comprises deciduous forest, scrub and coarse grass.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>The island was proclaimed a wildlife sanctuary in 1935 by the Trinidad and Tobago Government, granting it full legal protection by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Division. Its notable wildlife is the Pelecanus occidentalis (brown pelican) which breed on the island, the only breeding place for the species in the country. Other important species on the island include the chestnut-collared swift and rufous-necked wood-rail, both of which are rare in the country. There are estimated to be at least 27 species of birds on the island. Poaching is not a major threat to the island because of its inaccessibility due to its jagged cliffs, rough seas and distance from populated areas. Patrols by game wardens are also infrequent for the same reasons.</p><br>
<p>Goat Island is an island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located off the coast of Speyside, between Tobago and Little Tobago.</p><br>
<p>Some sources say Goat Island is the former home and retreat of Ian Fleming, the author and creator of the James Bond series. An article which appeared in Canadas National Post disputed these claims. Fleming biographer Andrew Lycett stated, "Fleming did not have a house --let alone own an island--in Tobago." Zoe Watkins of Ian Fleming Publications Ltd., which Flemings nieces run, said, "As far as we are aware, there is no link between Ian Fleming and Goat Island. The James Bond novels were all written at Fleming&#39;s house, Goldeneye, in Jamaica." The same article reports that Fleming conceived of Crab Key, the island lair of the mad scientist Dr. Julius No, during a 1956 trip to a flamingo sanctuary in Inagua.</p><br>
<p>At least four species of lizards have been recorded on the island; namely Green iguanas, Grenada tree anoles, Rainbow whiptails and Turnip-tailed geckos.</p><br>
<p>Fort Belknap, located near Newcastle, Texas, was established in November 1851 by brevet Brigadier William G. Belknap to protect the Texas frontier against raids by the Kiowa and Comanche. It was the northernmost fort in a line from the Rio Grande to the Red River. The fort functioned as a base of operations rather than as a fortified point, and it became the center of a substantial network of roads, including the Butterfield Overland Mail.</p><br>
<p>Other forts in the frontier fort system were Forts Griffin, Concho, Richardson, Chadbourne, Stockton, Davis, Bliss, McKavett, Clark, McIntosh, Inge, and Phantom Hill in Texas, and Sill in Oklahoma. Subposts or intermediate stations also were used, including Bothwick&#39;s Station on Salt Creek between Fort Richardson and Fort Belknap, Camp Wichita near Buffalo Springs between Fort Richardson and Red River Station, and Mountain Pass between Fort Concho and Fort Griffin.</p><br>
<p>Some notable officers who were stationed at Fort Belknap include Captain Randolph B. Marcy and Lieutenant George B. McClellan. Together, the officers explored the Canadian River and found the headwaters of the Red River. The Second Cavalry was headquartered here in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War, the post was abandoned, partly as a pullback of federal troops to the north, and partly due to the fort&#39;s unreliable water supply. "Northern indians fell upon the hapless Texas frontier with such violence that a whole tier of frontier counties was disbanded..." Families remaining in Young County "huddled in the abandoned buildings of Fort Belknap" and "during snow storms sought shelter in the abandoned buildings."</p><br>
<p>The fort was briefly reoccupied in 1867, then abandoned for the last time.</p><br>
<p>The fort was gradually dismantled for building materials, so that by 1936, only the magazine and part of the cornhouse remained. Beginning with the Texas Centennial, portions of the fort were rebuilt and restored, mostly on their original foundations. The fort is home to the Fort Belknap Archives, which house records from North Texas.</p><br>
<p>The Lena O. Smith House is a house in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Its owner, Lena O. Smith, was a prominent civil rights attorney. She was born in 1885 in Lawrence, Kansas and moved with her family to Minneapolis in 1906. She enrolled at William Mitchell College of Law  and graduated in 1921. Afterward, she opened her own law firm and became the first African-American attorney in Minneapolis. In her practice, she fought for issues such as equal protection under the law, equal access to housing, and the right to join labor unions. As an activist, she was a founder of the Minneapolis Urban League, and the first woman president of the Minneapolis chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People from 1935 through 1939. Her house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a local landmark in recognition to the African-American community in Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>The Eugene J. Carpenter House is a Georgian Revival-style house located in Loring Hills, the mansion district in turn-of-the-century Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1887 by C.M Douglas, who owned a coal delivery business. 300 Clifton was built in the Queen Anne style, with prominent porches and a turret in the southeast. Harvey Brown, a successful businessman and banker bought the house in 1890 and lived there until his death in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1905 by Eugene and Merrette Carpenter and was owned by the family until 1948. This constitutes the historically significant time period. Eugene Carpenter and Merrette Lamb came from lumber milling families and were owners of the Carpenter-Lamb Lumber Co. of Minneapolis. The Carpenters were also significant patrons of the arts and Eugene Carpenter played a pivotal role in establishing the Minneapolis Institute of Arts.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>After purchasing the house in November 1905, the Carpenters hired a young and promising architect, Edwin Hawley Hewitt, who had recently finished his schooling in Paris. The task was daunting. Hewitt was asked to turn the Victorian style house into a Georgian Revival style house. “About as different as can be,” said Olivia (Carpenter) Coan who was 9 years old in 1906 during the renovation.</p><br>
<p>Hewitt removed the roof, moved fireplaces, built additional foundations, moved interior and exterior walls and rebuilt the carriage house from the foundation up all in time for the family to move in by September 1906, 10 months after the purchase.</p><br>
<p>The house features some remarkable architectural designs implemented by Hewitt. The French drain was invented in 1885, and Hewitt brought the concept back to Minneapolis and implemented it throughout the grounds. Johnson Controls had recently patented a revolutionary thermostat that allowed for temperature control, room to room. The Carpenters included this pneumatic system in their house. Hewitt designed an effective passive cooling system for the house which made use of massive concrete porches to moderate the temperatures inside the house.</p><br>
<p>John S Bradstreet, a prominent Minneapolis designer, did the interior design of the house. Bradstreet collaborated with Hewitt and Carpenter to bring Arts and Crafts style to the house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>300 Clifton faces south towards Clifton Ave, has 14 bedrooms, 11 bathrooms and sits on a one acre double lot. The north edge of the property is bordered by a low bluff which forms the foundation of the 6500 square foot carriage house. The main house is 12,000 square feet. All three of the original fireplaces are still functional. A focal point of the house is the gardens to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Carpenter, Hewitt, and Bradstreet developed a friendship through their work on the 300 Clifton project and continued their friendship through the establishment of the Minneapolis Institute of Arts.</p><br>
<p>Bradstreet was the president of the floundering Minneapolis Society of Fine Art when he invited Carpenter to come aboard to help the group realize its ultimate goal of creating an Art Museum for Minneapolis. Carpenter was a marketing, promoting and financing genius. In 1911, Carpenter as the new president of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Art organized an art show and personally invited 400 prominent businessmen to a private viewing. Every recipient attended. From this, Carpenter began his campaign to build a publicly funded museum in a manner that had never been done before. Carpenter secured a donation of land worth $250,000 and used this to electrify the many businessmen to donate to his new cause. In a single fund raising dinner, Carpenter hosted 200 local businessmen and received pledges for over a half million dollars.</p><br>
<p>The edifice was funded and built in 1915. With Hewitt as president and Carpenter as Vice-President of the new museum, their work had just begun. The Minneapolis Art Society only owned 12 objects of art. For the rest of his life, Carpenter worked to excite and motivate the people of Minneapolis to become patrons of the arts. He encouraged corporations to donate and for well heeled businessmen to learn about art and purchase art around the world.</p><br>
<p>Today the MIA has over 80,000 objects of art, but more importantly, by enlisting the participation of so many in the community, Carpenter jump started the creative sector which has come to define Minneapolis. Through his unique style of fund raising he gave birth to a tradition of corporate sponsorship of the arts which has been a key ingredient in the flourishing Minneapolis art community.</p><br>
<h2>300 Clifton as a multi-unit building</h2><br>
<p>The Carpenter family sold the house after Merrette&#39;s death in 1946. The Mack family purchased the 300 Clifton and subdivided the house into several smaller living units. While the Mack family owned the house from 1946 to 1963, the house was kept impeccably in keeping with the other homes in the mansion district.</p><br>
<h3>Families of note during the 50s and 60s</h3><br>
<p>Several prominent families resided at the high-end 300 Clifton living spaces throughout the 50s and 60s.</p><br>
<p>John Warner, the President of Hanna Coal Company, lived at 300 Clifton for many years in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Forest Selvig, a primary curator at the Walker and then a director at Minneapolis Institute of Ats lived in the carriage house flat for many years in the same decade.</p><br>
<p>Richard Heiny and David V Peterson who were the primary designers at LaVoy&#39;s, a preeminent Minneapolis design firm, also lived at 300 Clifton.</p><br>
<p>Attorney Emerson Hopp lived at 300 Clifton for many years. Hopp is famous for representing the Oglala Sioux tribe in several treaty disputes which include the land of the Twin Cities and the bottom third of Minnesota. Hopp won 20 million dollars in settlements in favor of the tribes he represented.</p><br>
<p>Oscar-winning actress Jessica Tandy and her husband Hume Cronyn lived in the house while they were in Minneapolis for the inaugural season of the Guthrie in 1963.</p><br>
<p>In the 60&#39;s the Mack family sold the house to the Klein brothers who decided to demolish the old house as it fell into significant disrepair. It is unclear how the house escaped the wrecking ball at that time.</p><br>
<h2>300 Clifton as an office</h2><br>
<p>In 1973 David Beide saved the house in more ways than one. First he repurposed the troubled property into an office building. Beide also owned 314 Clifton Ave, the Elbert L Carpenter house next door. Together he called the two properties Clifton Court. Second, Beide accomplished listing both of the properties on the National Historic Register, protecting them in perpetuity.</p><br>
<p>Beide transferred the property to his friend and tenant Bill Urseth who developed the property tremendously over the next decade. Urseth built a new building at 310 Clifton between the two Carpenter homes. Among all three buildings, Clifton Court at that time housed 150 employees.</p><br>
<p>After Urseth sold in 1993, 300 Clifton remained an office for twenty more years, but fell into considerable disrepair. Neighbors behind 300 Clifton on Oak Grove were forced to paint the house and rebuild the 20 ft retaining wall that was crumbling onto their property. The Loring neighborhood group (Citizens for a Loring Park Community), invested $30,000 to fix the roof in order to save the historic structure.</p><br>
<p>The Old Post Office, also known as the Old Octagonal Post Office, is an historic octagon-shaped former USA post office building located on Main Street in Liberty, Maine. The town of Liberty boasts that the building, which was built in 1870, is "the only octagonal post office in the United States". The building, which "has all its original equipment" is now the home of the Liberty Historical Society, which opens it to the public on Saturdays during the summer. On June 19, 1973, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Post Office is located in Liberty&#39;s village center, set close to the south side of Main Street (Maine State Route 173), two doors east of the public library. It is a small single-story eight-sided wood frame structure, covered by a low-pitch octagonal roof and clapboard siding. It has no foundation beyond a small amount of rubblestone to provide a level surface, and is built on top of hand-sawn beams measuring 6 x in cross section. The only entrance is in the street-facing facade, with sash windows in the other seven walls.</p><br>
<p>Rufus Carter, a local harness maker, built this building in 1870 for use as his harness shop. In 1878 it was acquired by G.H. Cargill, who was then the town postmaster, and he put it to use as the local post office. It served as the town post office in 1960, and is now maintained as a museum by the local historical society. It is believed to be the only octagonal post office building in the nation.</p><br>
<p>Angria Bank is a bank, a shallow sunken atoll, on the continental shelf off the west coast of India. It is located 105 km west of Vijaydurg, Maharashtra.</p><br>
<p>The name Angria Bank is derived from the name of one of the most successful Naval Admirals of Maratha King Chatrapati Shivaji viz. Kanhoji Angre, whose name was spelled Cunhojee Angria in British documents. Angre was based at Vijaydurg Fort and hence the name.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bank is at a depth of 20.1 m, and its dimensions are 40 km from north to south and 15 km from east to west. It is a coral habitat. The bottom is composed of sand, shells, and coral. The bank is steep-to on all sides, with great depths surrounding it.</p><br>
<p>Angria Bank is 200 km north of Adas Bank, a similar submerged feature off the coast of Goa.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The first ever underwater scientific expedition was carried out by well known marine biologist Sarang Kulkarni in April 2010. It revealed the high biodiversity of corals and associated flora and fauna of Angria Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Porter Farm, also known as Walter C. Porter Farm, near Terrell in Kaufman County in the USA state of Texas was the site of the first cooperative farm demonstration, organized by Dr. Seaman A. Knapp in 1903. The project successfully demonstrated methods expanding crop production. From this foundation project developed the USA Department of Agriculture Agricultural Extension Service.</p><br>
<p>Knapp worked with Walter Porter to set aside 70 acre of the farm, on which the experimental use of fertilizers on some plots and rotation with nitrogen-fixing legumes doubled normal yields of cotton. Porter had been selected by the community to participate in the project, with $1000 set aside to cover potential losses. Porter profited from the experiment, and the money was unused. The success of this project led to the Extension Service programs, which went on to develop methods to combat boll weevil infestation in the area.</p><br>
<p>The Resaca de la Palma Battlefield is the site in Brownsville, Texas, where American forces under General Zachary Taylor engaged Mexican forces under General Mariano Arista on May 9, 1846 in the Battle of Resaca de la Palma. In the early stages of the Mexican-American War, and immediately following the Battle of Palo Alto, Aristas forces were in retreat. Taylors forces engaged Arista at this location, resulting a defeat for the Mexican forces.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service worked on proposals to preserve the remaining portions of the site and include it as part of Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park. House resolutions were presented by Solomon Ortiz in 2008 and again in 2009 to make this law. The resolution was added to the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which passed March 19, 2009. The NPS acquired the 34.4 acre site from the Brownsville Community Foundation in early August 2011.</p><br>
<p>Mount Gusuku is a mountain located on Ie Island in Ie, Okinawa. The mountain rises 172.2 m on Iejima to the northwest of Okinawa Island and is the highest point on the island. Mount Gusuku is considered a symbol of Iejima due to its distinctive conical shape.</p><br>
<p>The mountain sits on the eastern side of the island and is clearly visible from the main island of Okinawa and the East China Sea. The outline of Mount Gusuku can be clearly seen from the Motobu Peninsula on Okinawa Island and Sesoko Island. The mountain has historically served as a nautical landmark and appears in nautical charts from the medieval period.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Japanese reading for the mountain is "Shiro-yama;" however, in Okinawan, it is pronounced "Gusuku-yama." The meaning of in both languages is "castle." In Kunigami, the mountain is referred to as Tatchuu.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Gusuku is 70 million years older than the rest of Iejima. The mountain was formed by a unique offscrape phenomenon: an older level of bedrock was displaced by newer bedrock to form an admixture of the two.</p><br>
<h2>Utaki</h2><br>
<p>Mount Gusuku is a site considered sacred in the Ryukyuan religion. An utaki, or shrine of the Ryukyuan religion, is located halfway to the summit of the mountain, and the path leading to the shrine is marked by torii gates. Historically the utaki at Mount Gusuku has been utilized for prayers for safe sea voyages and crops.</p><br>
<p>Granada Shoppes and Studios, also known as the Granada Buildings, is an imaginative, Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival style block-long complex consisting of four courtyard-connected structures, in Central Los Angeles, California. It was built immediately to the southeast of Lafayette Park in the Westlake District, in 1927.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The project was designed by architect Franklin Harper with 42 suites combining offices and studios. Each unit had two levels, with office or shop space on the ground floor and living space on the second level or loft area. When Harper announced his plan in October 1927, the Los Angeles Times described the $1 million combined shop, studio and apartment structure as something entirely new in Los Angeles, resembling the design of European specialty shops. The apartments were located on the mezzanine level and consisted of kitchen, living room, bath and open porch.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The dominant feature of the Granada is the courtyard running between the four structures. The courtyards serve both a functional role as the paths to each of the suites and an aesthetic role as a garden area providing shade. One architectural textbook describes the exterior space as the dominant organizing theme for the building, giving the complex "all the attributes of the traditional narrow commercial street."</p><br>
<p>The beauty of the Granada has attracted architects, artists, and urban planners from its earliest days. Gregory Ain and James Garrott shared office space here before World War II. George Hurrell, a noted Hollywood portrait photographer, lived and worked in Suite 9, photographing silent film stars in his office at the Granada. In the Princeton Architectural Press&#39; 1997 book, "Courtyard Housing," the authors described the Granda as follows:"The Granada Buildings have attained an almost mythical quality in the Los Angeles design world, as architects, graphic designers, and artists have made them their homes. The court is one of the monuments of southern California architecture and one that contains the seeds of an urban existence whose promise was never fulfilled."</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and media</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, noted Los Angeles Times columnist Jack Smith referred to the structure as "the lovely old Spanish-style Granada Building." Later renamed the Granada Buildings, the complex was purchased and restored by the Shidler Group in the late 1980s and received a preservation award from the Los Angeles Conservancy. In 2003, the complex was named the "Best Nonprofit Enclave" by LA Weekly. The Granada received the award due to the concentration of non-profits having offices there, including PEN Center USA, Theatre of Hearts, and People in Progress. LA Weekly noted at the time: "Creative people are drawn to the Granada because of its fascinating history, charming architecture, old-school elevator and lovely courtyard: a gorgeous garden with flowing fountains along the walkways, a taste of the Alhambra a short stroll away from picturesque but gritty MacArthur Park."</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a Historic Cultural Monument (HCM # 238) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in April 1981. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Granada is one of several Registered Historic Places encircling Lafayette Park, including the Bryson Apartment Hotel, The Town House, the Felipe De Neve Branch library, and Bullocks Wilshire one block to the west.</p><br>
<p>Ralph J. Bunche House, also known as the Ralph Bunche Peace & Heritage Center and located in South Los Angeles, United States, was the Victorian-Bungalow style boyhood home of Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche. It was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument  by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in 1976, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Bunche's boyhood home</h2><br>
<p>Bunche was born in Detroit, Michigan and later lived in Albuquerque, New Mexico, but moved to Los Angeles to live with his maternal grandmother when his mother died in 1917. Bunche and his sister, Grace, were raised at the house on 40th Place by their grandmother, Lucy Taylor Johnson, their two aunts (Nelle and Ethel), and their uncle Thomas Johnson. While living in Los Angeles, Bunche became the valedictorian at both Jefferson High School, one-half block away, and UCLA, then located at Vermont Avenue and Melrose. Bunche was also a star basketball player while at UCLA. Bunche won the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in negotiating and drafting the 1949 Armistice Agreements that ended the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. He was the first person of color from any country to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1996, the home was acquired by the Dunbar Economic Development Corp., a nonprofit group with plans to turn it into a museum. The group&#39;s plans were delayed by a lack of funding until the California Community Foundation issued a $100,000 interest-free loan in 1999.</p><br>
<p>After a 1999 news report about funding delays and graffiti covering the home, Mayor Richard Riordan donned a hardhat and joined a work crew in cleaning up the home.</p><br>
<h3>Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace & Heritage Center</h3><br>
<p>The home has since been preserved and furnished with photographs and memorabilia from Bunche&#39;s life. It is operated as the Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace & Heritage Center, an interpretive museum and community center to promote peaceful interaction of all groups within South Central Los Angeles. The property was fully restored between 2002 and 2004, by Design Aid Architects, winning a Los Angeles Conservancy preservation award in 2006. That year, the house was described in the Los Angeles Times as "brilliant, with sunlight streaming through modified bay windows, scrubbed wood floors and an airy parlor/den/dining room."</p><br>
<h3>Oral history project</h3><br>
<p>The Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace and Heritage Center Oral History Project is a joint venture with UCLA intended to collect oral histories on Bunche&#39;s life in Los Angeles as well as the Central Avenue and Dunbar Hotel community in South Los Angeles. The oral histories collected by the project will be permanently displayed at the Ralph J. Bunche House.</p><br>
<p>The Peron Islands are two low-lying islands off the west coast of the Northern Territory of Australia. They are about 5 km off Channel Point. Channel Point forms the northern end of Anson Bay which includes the mouth of the Daly River.</p><br>
<p>The smaller South Peron Island lies about 3 km to the southeast of the more dominant North Peron Island. The two are separated by a very shallow channel that is well exposed during a spring low tide. The northern narrow tip of the north island has the distinguishing feature of a relatively tall round hill that can be seen from as far north as Point Blaze at the southern end of Fog Bay, or approximately 20 kilometres away on a clear day. The islands are uninhabited and the nearest population is the small community of Bulgul on the mainland adjacent to the North Island. There is also a small community at channel point adjacent to the south island.</p><br>
<p>The Peron Islands along with the adjacent land and waters (to the low tide water mark) surrounding the Peron Islands and the community of Bulgul are part of the Delissaville Wagait Larrakia Aboriginal land trust. Under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 access to the islands is prohibited without a permit, applications are lodged through the Northern Land Council. Camping is not permitted on the islands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, the RAAF established a radar station on North Peron Island, to enable detection and interception of incoming Japanese aircraft.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>North Peron Island contains a breeding colony of Australian pelicans that is possibly of national significance. The islands are part of the Anson Bay, Daly and Reynolds River Floodplains Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for large numbers of waterbirds.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kanmuri is a mountain located on the border between Gifu and Fukui prefectures in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is 1,256.6 m tall and part of the Ryōhaku Mountains. It is also the source of the Ibi River.</p><br>
<p>The mountain peak has a small area that can only hold about 10 people, but it offers an unobstructed 360-degree panoramic view. There is also a triangulation station on the peak.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>There is one prepared hiking trail on the mountain, and it takes about 2 hours to reach the peak. At the beginning of the trail, there are several steep climbs through an old growth forest. There is a fork in the path near the peak; the left fork leads to the Kanmuri Flats, while the right leads to the mountain peak.</p><br>
<p>Yucca Mountain is a mountain in Nevada, near its border with California, approximately 100 mi northwest of Las Vegas. Located in the Great Basin, Yucca Mountain is east of the Amargosa Desert, south of the Nevada Test and Training Range and in the Nevada National Security Site. It is the site of the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, which is currently identified by Congressional law as the nation&#39;s spent nuclear waste storage facility. However, while licensure of the site through the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is ongoing, political maneuvering led to the site being de-funded in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The formation that makes up Yucca Mountain was created by several large eruptions from a caldera volcano and is composed of alternating layers of ignimbrite (welded tuff), non-welded tuff, and semi-welded tuff. The volcanic units have been tilted along fault lines, thus forming the current ridge line called Yucca Mountain. In addition to these faults, Yucca Mountain is criss-crossed by fractures, many of which formed when the volcanic units cooled.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanic history</h3><br>
<p>A series of large explosive volcanic eruptions occurred to the north of Yucca Mountain millions of years ago, producing dense clouds of volcanic ash and rock fragments which melted or compressed together to create layers of rock called tuff, forming the mountains and hills of the region. The volcanic eruptions that produced Yucca Mountain ended about 12 million years ago. This explosive volcanism produced almost all (more than 99 percent) of the volcanic material in the Yucca Mountain region.</p><br>
<p>Several million years ago, a different type of eruption began in the area. These eruptions were smaller and much less explosive. These small eruptions were marked by lava and cinders seeping and sputtering from cones or fissures. The last such small eruption occurred about 80,000 years ago. The remaining volcanic material (less than one percent) in the Yucca Mountain region is a result of these smaller eruptions. Yucca Mountain borders a region known as Crater Flat containing several small cones.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural history</h2><br>
<p>Yucca Mountain and surrounding lands were central in the lives of the Western Shoshone and Southern Paiute peoples, who shared them for religious ceremonies, resource uses, and social events; Yucca Mountain continues to be considered sacred by the Shoshone people living today.</p><br>
<p>Pangai is the administrative capital village of the Haapai Group in Tonga.</p><br>
<h2>The Town</h2><br>
<p>The village is on the western shore of Lifuka and has about 2,000 inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>The village center is around the Catholic Church (Siasi Katolika) and Holopeka Road by the harbor. There are only a few shops and markets and one bank.</p><br>
<p>There are few historic sites besides some churches, a few Colonial styled houses and cemeteries.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s Pilolevu Airport (Lifuka Island Airport, IATA code "HPA") is situated about 5 km north of Pangai.</p><br>
<p>There is a ferry dock, called the Pangai Ferry Terminal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Methodist missionary Shirley Waldemar Baker, who was prime minister of Tonga under king George Tupou I, died in Pangai on 16 November 1903. His grave and monument in the cemetery still stand as a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>The Milner Arms Apartments, originally known as the Hotel Stevenson, is a high rise building located at 40 Davenport Street in Midtown Detroit, Michigan; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is adjacent to, but not part of, the Cass-Davenport Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early in the 20th century, Charles Hugh Stevenson, his brother, and his father-in-law founded the Davenport Realty Company. Stevenson was a writer and lawyer and was internationally recognized for work in the hotel industry.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the Davenport Realty Company built the Hotel Stevenson (named for Charles Hugh Stevenson), which was designed to house the influx of male, transient, workers who came to Detroit to work in the booming auto industry. The structure was designed as an apartment hotel, offering primarily efficiency and one bedroom units, rather than the two to four-room suites contained in typical apartment buildings of the time.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold to the Milner Hotel Chain, which changed its name to the Milner Arms. In 2016, the building was sold to Broder & Sachse Real Estate Services, Inc. It is still in operation as an apartment building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Milner Arms is an eight story rectangular Georgian Revival steel frame apartment building clad with brick. The facade is symmetric, with the exception of the first floor. The first floor contains five arched openings with masonry quoins; the second is the entrance. A projecting cornice with brackets separates the first floor from the upper stories. Floors two through seven have identical double hung single pane windows. There is a narrow belt course between floors six and seven, and the windows on the seventh floor have continuous sills. A heavy cornice separates the seventh and eighth floors. The eighth floor windows are arched, and a balustrade above caps the facade.</p><br>
<p>The Milner Arms contains a total of 93 apartments. Sixty-eight are studio apartments, ranging from 250 to 600 square feet. Twenty-two are one-bedroom units of about 800 square feet, and the remaining three are two-bedroom units of about 1,020 square feet.</p><br>
<p>The Reformed Presbyterian Church of Vernon is a historic church in the town of Vernon in southeastern Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. It is also listed as Convenanter Church. Built in 1853, and formerly a congregation of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America, it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Reformed Presbyterians first moved to the Vernon area in 1844. By 1847, several families (primarily from upstate New York) had arrived in the area, forming a small society of members, and the congregation was officially organized as Waukesha Reformed Presbyterian Church on 18 October 1848. Although the denomination already had a presbytery in Illinois, the church was part of the New York-based Rochester Presbytery, because without railroads, the Great Lakes made New York easier to reach. The congregation did not last long, however; it never had a settled pastor, and the elders died or moved away, causing the congregation to become disorganized on 18 November 1850. Some members remained, nevertheless: the present church building was erected in the town in Vernon in 1853, and Illinois Presbytery reorganized it as the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Vernon on 16 September 1856. Unlike before, the congregation was able to secure a pastor; ministers came and went, but the church was strong enough to continue during the times when its pulpit was vacant. The congregation was part of Iowa Presbytery from its foundation in 1863.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, the church had 70 communicant members, the most in its history. The churchs membership began to decline consistently around 1900, and by 1925 there were only 19 members. The congregation was officially disorganized by the death of one of its two remaining elders in early 1940, although a few people remained on the roll of the "Vernon Mission" as late as 1949. By 1940, the congregation was not worshipping in its building, although after the church was disorganized, the remaining members replaced the buildings roof in 1942 in accordance with their goal to see services restarted. Vernon was not listed in the denomination&#39;s official records after 1949.</p><br>
<h2>National Register</h2><br>
<p>Although the structure has not been used for Reformed Presbyterian services since the 1940s, it is still known as the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Vernon. Its Greek Revival style of architecture led to its inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places on 7 January 1999.</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik, also known as Frederiksfort, is a USA National Historic Landmark in Frederiksted, United States Virgin Islands. It was built between 1752 and 1760 by Denmark-Norway to defend the economic interests of the natural deep water port of Frederiksted and to ward off pirates. It has red and white painted walls, making it quite different then yellow and white of Fort Christiansværn on the other side of the island. It is located at the north end of Frederiksted, in St. Croix, south of the junction of Mahogany Road and VI 631. It should not be confused with Frederiks Fort, Fortberg Hill, on St. John, which is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>According to Westergaard, "It was soon found that a customs house was not sufficient, but that cannon must be provided, and placed as to command the roads where the ships lay anchored. In lack of such a water battery, ships were accustomed to slip away in the night-time without securing papers of paying their dues."</p><br>
<p>In 1776, the first salute from foreign soil to the new nation of the United States of America was fired from the fort. The salute of Old Glory which had been raised on an American brigantine at port in Frederiksted was a violation of the laws of Denmark-Norway&#39;s neutrality however the islands had helped the British colonist in America sealing a friendliness between the two colonies, and the salute was therefore appropriate. It is from this fort that Danish Governor Peter Von Scholten emancipated the slaves on July 3rd, 1848. The fort includes a museum and art gallery, it is open weekdays from 8:30am to 4pm, and Saturdays from 1pm to 4pm. Admission is $3 (2015).</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik was listed as a contributing property in the Frederiksted Historic District in 1976. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Fort Frederik now stands guard over the Eliza James-McBean Clock Tower and Emancipation Park, a town park right in front of the Frederiksted fort and waterfront. The park contains statues of historically important Virgin Islanders. Small paths weave through dozens of large mahogany trees and fragrant flowers. This Federiksted park honors the slave revolt leader General Buddhoe and also serves to recall and honor the 1848 proclamation by Governor Peter von Scholten that emancipated slaves in the Danish islands. The park has many benches and a small gazebo and is the location for Jazz in the Park, every 3rd Friday of the month (2014).</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Dundas Island is a member of the Queen Elizabeth Islands and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. It is an irregularly shaped island located between Devon Island and Baillie-Hamilton Island. The smaller Margaret Island is 1 km to the east of Dundas.</p><br>
<p>Dundas Island is named in honour of Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, Viscount Melville and British Secretary of State for the Home Department.</p><br>
<p>After showings were discovered on Dundas Island in 1972, geochemical sampling, mapping, and surveying began the following year. Canadian mining company Cominco (now part of Teck Resources) staked claims in 1974 and drilling occurred at high grade lead-zinc showings at the Thumb Mountain Formation and Disappointment Bay Formation in 1975. Cominco began IP surveys in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Robert John McGhee&#39;s 1981 research found evidence of Late Dorset warm-season dwellings on Dundas Island.</p><br>
<p>There is a second, much smaller (longest axis ~500 m) Dundas Island also in Nunavut, off Boothia Peninsula, in St. Roch Basin, across from King William Island.</p><br>
<p>Frederiksted Historic District is a historic district located on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Frederiksted Historic District includes the original town laid out in a gridiron plan in 1751. Fort Frederik, which now houses a museum, was the original focal point of the town plan. The original buildings were destroyed in a fire in 1758. In 1878, plantation workers set fire to much of the town during the Fireburn insurrection. The fire damaged areas were rebuilt, with many of the buildings reflecting Georgian and Late Victorian architectural detailing. Significant buildings in the district include the Fort Frederik and the Customs House.</p><br>
<p>Government House, also known as Building No.1, Naval Station, Tutuila or Government House, USA Naval Station Tutuila, is a historic government building on the grounds of the former Naval Station Tutuila in Pago Pago, American Samoa. Built in 1903, it has served as a center of government on the island for much of the time since then. Government House was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Government House is set on Observatory Point, located at the crook of the L-shaped Pago Pago Harbor, between the villages of Utulei and Fagatogo. The original block of the house is a wood frame cruciform structure, mounted on concrete piers. It is two stories in height, with a corrugated metal roof and clapboard siding. As built it was nearly encircled by porches on both levels, but portions of these have been enclosed. A one-room addition extends the building to the east. Due to its siting on a ridge sometimes exposed to hurricane-force winds, the building is secured by ten-foot metal spikes embedded in the ground.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house has features unique to its location and status. The ground floor has five public rooms, including a large dining room, a formal sitting area, and a distinctively Samoan room, lined with tapa cloth and housing Samoan artifacts. Another aspect of the property&#39;s public role is the presence of a ceremonial guest house (fala tele) on the property.</p><br>
<p>When the United States gained control of what is now American Samoa due to the Tripartite Convention of 1899, the island was placed under the administration of the United States Navy. This house was built on the orders of Admiral Uriel Sebree in 1903. From this house naval governors administered the territory until 1951, when administration was turned over to the United States Department of the Interior. It has since been the official residence of the territory&#39;s civilian governors, and has been host to virtually every major dignitary to visit the island.</p><br>
<p>The Blunts Point Battery, also known as Blunts Point Naval Gun or Matautu Ridge Gun Site, is a gun battery on Matautu Ridge near Pago Pago, American Samoa. It was part of the fortification of the Samoan Islands which took place after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and is a rare example of a World War II Pacific coastal gun which remains in relatively pristine condition. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Blunts Point is a projection on the west side of the mouth of Pago Pago Harbor, on the south side of the island of Tutuila, southeast of the village of Utulei. Two six-inch naval guns are mounted at a point about 200 ft above sea level, at this point, which has a commanding view of the harbor entrance. The guns are mounted in circular concrete structures with a parapet about 4 ft high around the outside. A short way below the emplacement is a magazine which is built into the hillside. The battery has recently been restored and is in good condition. It is accessible to the public via a moderately difficult hiking trail.</p><br>
<p>The tensions of World War II prompted the United States government to begin fortifying American Samoa in 1940. United States Marines installed the two guns at Blunts Point, and another two on the east side of the harbor at Breakers Point. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the capture of Guam shortly thereafter, American Samoa became of critical importance as the only major American base in the western Pacific, and it was further fortified in anticipation of attack. Although no attack ever came, American Samoa was a critical supply and training point for American military actions in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The Falcon Tabernacle, also known as the Octagon Tabernacle and the Little Tabernacle, is an historic octagon-shaped Pentecostal Holiness church building in Falcon, North Carolina. Built in 1898, it was designed by Julius A. Culbreth  for prayer meetings and was built using wood from trees that had been uprooted by a tornado. Culbreth, who was the founder of Falcon, chose the octagon shape because it reminded him of the tents used in revival meetings. In 1900 the building became the home of the Falcon Pentecostal Holiness Church, of which Culbreth was a leader.</p><br>
<p>On January 30, 1911, the building was the site of the formal merger agreement between two Pentecostal denominations, the Pentecostal Holiness Church of North Carolina and the much larger Fire-Baptized Holiness Church. The new denomination was called the Pentecostal Holiness Church and is now the International Pentecostal Holiness Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 a new much larger church was built in front of the Little Tabernacle and the congregation&#39;s name was changed to the Culbreth Memorial Pentecostal Holiness Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the Little Tabernacle was moved from its original location at 8443 Fayetteville Road to West Street, where it is now located.</p><br>
<p>On October 11, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Cimarron Historic District is a historic district on the south side of Cimarron, New Mexico, United States. The district is located south of US Route 64 on the east and west sides of New Mexico Highway 21. In 1973, the district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. According to the National Register, the district contains 1,940 acre and contains 6 significant buildings.</p><br>
<p>There are fifteen buildings and historic sites shown on a 1986 map of the historic district</p><br>
<p>Early trading post. Location of Lucien Maxwell commissary.</p><br>
<p>Graves of mother-in-law and daughter of Lucien Maxwell.</p><br>
<p>Plaza well, dug about 1871.</p><br>
<p>Site of Lucien Maxwell home.</p><br>
<p>Former National Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Office of the Cimarron News built about 1872.</p><br>
<p>St. James Hotel. Listed on State Register (12/20/68)</p><br>
<p>The Adobe, built before 1892.</p><br>
<p>Second Colfax County Courthouse, 1870. Listed on State Register (5/19/86).</p><br>
<p>Aztec Grist Mill, built in 1864 for Lucien B. Maxwell. Now known as the Old Mill Museum. Listed on State Register (12/20/68).</p><br>
<p>Tom Boggs home, built about 1865.</p><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, built 1881-1884?</p><br>
<p>Schwenk Hall.</p><br>
<p>Juan Charette&#39;s saloon.</p><br>
<p>Colfax County jail, 1872.</p><br>
<p>The Raton Downtown Historic District is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Raton, New Mexico, USA. The district, when first listed on 1977, is bounded on the north by Clark Avenue and on the south by Rio Grande Avenue. On the east the district is bounded by First Street, and on the west the district is bounded by Third Street. The district covers about 200 acre and contains 95 significant buildings. The district was enlarged in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Twenty-seven of the buildings are listed on a walking tour published by the Raton Visitors Bureau:</p><br>
<p>Raton (Amtrak station) built by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in 1903. Located at 201 South First Street.</p><br>
<p>Wells Fargo Express Company (1910). Located at 145 South First Street. Now the Old Pass Gallery and offices of the Raton Arts and Humanities Council.</p><br>
<p>Reading Room built for Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad employees in 1922. "For years a reading-room and library system was maintained along the (Santa Fe) line"</p><br>
<p>Cook&#39;s Hall. Built in the late 1880s. Located at 140-144 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Roth Building (1893). Located at 134 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Abourezk Building (1906). Located at 132 South First Street.</p><br>
<p>Marchiondo Building (1882). Located at 120-124 First Street. Also known as the New York and Golden Rule Stores. Listed on the State Register 11-04-1977.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Building, dating from the 1890s. Located at 100 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Home Ranch Saloon (1884). Located at 132 North First Street.</p><br>
<p>Investment Block (1896). Located at 136-144 North First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Labadie House (1880). Located on the south side of Savage Avenue between North First and North Second Streets. This one of the oldest dwellings in town.</p><br>
<p>Ripley Park. Located on north side of Savage Avenue between North First Street and North Second Street. Named for Edward Payson Ripley, President of Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad. The 2 acre park contains a monumental relic of the USS Maine and a DAR monument commemorating the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail.</p><br>
<p>Shuler Theater (1915). Located at 131 North Second Street. This building was originally built to house an opera house, the fire station, and city offices. It was named for James Jackson Shuler, a medical doctor who was mayor of Raton from 1899–1902 and 1910-1919. The lobby of the theater contains WPA murals of local history painted by artist Manville Chapman. Listed on the State Register 3-20-1970.</p><br>
<p>Foote Hotel (1901). Located at 136 North Second Street.</p><br>
<p>Odd Fellows Building (1901). Located at 128-130 North Second Street.</p><br>
<p>A.H. Carey Hardware Store (1882). Located at 112 North Second Street.</p><br>
<p>Seaburg European Hotel (1914). 101 North Third Street. When this hotel was built, it was the largest hotel in New Mexico with 400 rooms. Now the El Portal Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Roth Block (1905). Located at 132 North First Street. Now the home of Solano&#39;s Boot and Western Wear.</p><br>
<p>Raton Realty Building (1928). Located at 137 South Second Street.</p><br>
<p>DiLislo Building (1918). Located at 144 South Second Street.</p><br>
<p>US Post Office (1917). Located at 244 Cook Avenue. Now the Arthur Johnson Library. The WPA murals from this former post office have been moved to the US Post Office (1962) located immediately north of the old Post Office at 245 Park Avenue East. The library has an important collection of local art.</p><br>
<p>The Swastika Hotel (1929). 200 South Second Street. Now the home of International Bank. Listed on the State Register 10-31-1980.</p><br>
<p>Palace Hotel (1896). Located on the southwest corner of South First Street and Cook Avenue. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Haven Hotel (1913). Located in the 200 block of South First Street. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Coors Building, a warehouse erected by Coors Brewing Company in 1906. Located at 216 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 8-27-1976.</p><br>
<p>Raton Hotel and Corner Bar, around 1910. Located at 244 South First Street. Listed on the State Register 2-25-1977.</p><br>
<p>Ilfield Building. Located at 329 South First Street.</p><br>
<p>In addition to these buildings, other significant structures in the downtown include:</p><br>
<p>El Raton Theater (1930). Located at 115 North Second Street. The exterior resembles a Scottish castle.</p><br>
<p>Raton Fire Station. Located at 127 Clark Avenue. The exterior is Art Deco.</p><br>
<p>Several other buildings are on the south side of the Raton Downtown Historic District, but were not included in the Walking Tour. They are listed from the railroad tracks going west on Rio Grande Avenue:</p><br>
<p>Santa Fe Freight House (1903). Across First Street from the Senior Center. Now renovated and used as part of the Senior Center.</p><br>
<p>Raton Senior Center. Located at 440 South First Street in an old building.</p><br>
<p>Scouting Museum of New Mexico. Located at 400 South First Street in an old building.</p><br>
<p>Raton Lodge Number 86 (1911). Located at 300 South Second Street. The oldest standing Elks lodge in New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Heart&#39;s Desire Bed and Breakfast (1885). Located at 301 South Third Street. A four bedroom bed and breakfast in a Victorian style mansion.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Episcopal Church (1921). Located at 240 Rio Grande Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Additional information on the Raton Downtown Historic District is available from, also located downtown.</p><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station is a rustic cabin located in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in western Oregon, United States. It was originally built to house fire crews assigned to patrol the surrounding National Forest. In the 1990s, the United States Forest Service began renting the Imnaha Guard Station to recreational visitors. The Imnaha Guard Station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Forest Service employees often traveled many miles from local ranger stations to forest work sites. Since the forest road networks were not well developed, getting to a job site meant a long trek, carrying all the equipment need to perform the field work. This made it impractical for employees to make daily round-trips. To facilitate work at remote sites, the Forest Service built guard stations at strategic locations throughout the forest to house fire patrols and project crews.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, the Forest Service greatly expanded its road network, allowing employees to get to most National Forest areas within a few hours. As a result, guard stations lost their utility. The Forest Service found new uses for some stations, but most were demolished or abandoned. In the 1990s, historic preservation groups with the support of Forest Service employees began pressing National Forest managers to preserve the remaining structures. To finance the preservation effort, the Forest Service started renting guard stations and unused fire lookouts to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station is located in the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest between Butte Falls, Oregon and the unincorporated town of Prospect, Oregon. It was built near Imnaha Springs by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1939. The guard station was originally used as a barracks for Forest Service fire fighters that patrolled the surrounding forest during summer fire season. The Forest Service used the cabin to house fire crews through the 1970s. From 1970 through 1985, John (Bob) Poet and his family lived in the guard station during the summer. Poet later wrote a book about his experience at the Imnaha Guard Station. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Forest Service volunteer campground hosts stayed in the cabin during the summer. In the mid-1990s, the Forest Service began renting the cabin to recreational visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station has been used every summer since it was built, a relatively rare distinction for a Forest Service guard station. Because of its rustic architecture and the cabin’s unique historic value as an early Forest Service guard station, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Imnaha Guard Station is located in a remote area of the Butte Falls Ranger District on the western slope of the Cascade Mountains, at about 3,800 ft elevation. It is a rustic cabin surrounded by old-growth forest of mainly Douglas-fir, white fir, and incense cedar along with some ponderosa pine, sugar pine, and western white pine. The forest around the guard station is relatively undisturbed. As a result, most of the mature trees in the area are three to four feet in diameter.</p><br>
<p>Compared to other Forest Service guard stations the Imnaha cabin is extremely well equipped. The cabin has three rooms plus an indoor bathroom. There is a pine-paneled living room with a large lava-rock fireplace. The living room is furnished with a hide-a-bed couch, a reclining chair, and a coffee table. The Forest Service provides firewood which is stored in the guard station’s garage to keep it dry. The kitchen has a stove, refrigerator, and lighted work area plus a table and chairs. Potable water for drinking and cooking is available from the kitchen tap. The bedroom has a built-in closet, a full-size bed, and two small dressers. The bathroom has hot water, a flush toilet, and a shower. All the cabin’s appliances and utilities run on propane.</p><br>
<p>The yard around the guard station is fenced. A picnic table in the backyard allows visitor to dine outside under the trees. No tents are permitted inside the fenced area. However, visitors that need to accommodate more than six people can set up camping tents in the adjacent Imnaha Campground.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Another attraction just a short walk from the cabin is "The Big Tree," a particularly large Douglas-fir. The Big Tree is located a few hundred feet down a trail from Imnaha Campground. The tree is at least 300 years old, and its wet, lush environment has encouraged growth. While many trees in the area are over four feet in diameter, The Big Tree is a neighborhood giant.</p><br>
<p>Birdwatchers will find varied thrushes and hermit thrushes in the dense timber around the guard station. Nuthatches, chickadees, and Steller&#39;s jays are common. There are also pileated woodpeckers in the surrounding forest, but they can be hard to spot.</p><br>
<p>In the summer, visitor can hike near-by trails. The Sky Lakes Wilderness trail system is particularly popular. The Sky Lake trail network includes a 35 mi section of the Pacific Crest Trail that follows the crest of the Cascade Mountains. There are several trailheads leading into the Sky Lakes Wilderness within a few miles from the Imnaha Guard Station.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Imnaha Guard Station is located 23 mi north of Butte Falls and 14 mi south of the unincorporated town of Prospect, just off Forest Service Road 37 (also known as the Parker Meadows Road). Turn off the road at the Imnaha Campground entrance. The Imnaha Guard Station cabin is located at the far end of the campground. In the winter, the road to the guard station is closed to vehicles traffic due to the areas heavy snowfall. Additional information on travel routes and seasonal road condition is available during normal business hours from the Butte Falls Ranger Station office in Butte Falls or the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest headquarters in Medford, Oregon.</p><br>
<p>The Colfax County Courthouse is a building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The courthouse is located at 230 North 3rd Street in Raton, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse, built in 1936, is a five-story blond, brick building with a hipped tile roof on the top story and flat roofs on the lower portions. The building has glazed tile cornices and bas relief metal panels. The larger bar reliefs have scenes of farming, mining, and cattle ranching, which were the main industries in Colfax County. Some of the smaller motifs show the cattle brands from Colfax County. Some of the other architectural features include terrazzo floors, tile wainscoting, chipped-tile roof on the top story roof and flat roofs on lower areas.</p><br>
<p>A new legislative building, completed in 2010 in the south end of Raton, will carry out additional courthouse proceedings when the 1936 courthouse cannot contain them. It is unknown if the new courthouse will fully replace the 1936 courthouse in all legislative duties in the future.</p><br>
<p>The Sears, Roebuck & Company product distribution center in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California, is a historic landmark that was one of the company&#39;s mail-order facilities, with a retail store on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The building was used for mail order until 1992, when Sears closed the distribution center and sold the building. Though Sears still operates a retail store on the ground floor, the rest of the enormous complex has remained vacant. The 1,800,000 ft&sup2; complex has been the subject of several renovation proposals since the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and architecture</h2><br>
<p>In December 1926, Sears, Roebuck & Company of Chicago announced that it would build a nine-story, height-limit building on East Ninth Street (later renamed Olympic Boulevard) at Soto Street to be the mail-order distribution center for the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast states, to be constructed by Scofield Engineering Company. Architectural work was handled by George Nimmens Company.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in six months, using materials that were all made in Los Angeles County, with the exception of the steel window sashes. To accomplish the feat, the contractor had six steam shovels and a large labor force working night and day shifts. It was reported that rock and sand for the cement work were being delivered to the site at the rate of twenty carloads daily. When the building was completed in late June 1927, the Los Angeles Times reported that:</p><br>
<p>"All records for the erection of a huge structure were believed to have been broken when last week the Scofield Engineering Construction Company turned over the new $5,000,000 department store and mail-order house at Ninth street and Boyle avenue to Sears, Roebuck & Co., having completed this height-limit project in 146 working days, or 171 days of elapsed time."</p><br>
<p>The building had nine stories and a basement, with a total floor area of approximately 11 acre. The building was one of nine Sears mail-order distribution centers built between 1910 and 1929.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The sprawling distribution center was a marvel of technology when it opened; employees filled orders by roller-skating around the facility, picking up items and dropping them onto corkscrew slides for distribution by truck or rail. The building was one of the largest in Los Angeles, and it attracted more than 100,000 visitors in its first month of operation, not including shoppers at the ground-floor retail store.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the building&#39;s 226 ft Art Deco tower and "Sears" sign became a "beacon for Eastsiders returning home on area freeways," and has been described by the Los Angeles Conservancy as "one of the dominant visual icons of the Eastside" of Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>Closure</h2><br>
<p>The distribution center was closed in January 1992, eliminating jobs for 585 full-time workers and 775 part-timers. The facility&#39;s general manager said at the time that the Boyle Heights center was the most expensive that Sears operated, partly because the facilities were "outdated."</p><br>
<h2>Vacancy</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, developer MJW Investments announced it had acquired the building and would make it the centerpiece of a proposed $350 million, 23 acre retail and residential redevelopment project. MJW planned to convert the Sears building into 480 condominiums, 180 apartments, and 750,000 ft&sup2; of stores and restaurants.</p><br>
<p>The planned redevelopment was met with resistance in the Boyle Heights community. Many feared the development could spawn a gentrification of the area, squeezing out low-income housing. Others complained that the proposal for 150 affordable housing units was not enough and not the right kind. Others expressed concern that the large retail development would damage small businesses with roots in the community. In May 2006, MJW announced that, despite having paid $40 million for the building and investing another $10 million in the project, it would put the building up for sale.</p><br>
<p>Boyle Heights native and boxer Oscar de la Hoya, who said he used to shop as a child at the Boyle Heights Sears store with his mother, tried to revive the redevelopment effort. De la Hoya, with investment from other developers, made bids to acquire the property in 2007 and again in 2008, but no deal was consummated.</p><br>
<p>Weinstein sold the property in 2013 to Izek Shomof, who announced plans "to bring it back to life, perhaps with housing, offices and stores."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The building was designated a Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM #788) by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission in August 2004, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in April 2006.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kisokoma is a mountain located in Miyada, Kamiina District, and Kiso and Agematsu, Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture, in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is 2,956 m tall and is the tallest peak in the Kiso Mountains. It is also included on the list of "100 Famous Japanese Mountains." Sometimes its name is just shortened to Kisokoma. Alternative kanji for the name are 木曾駒ヶ岳 .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ina Valley is located between the "two Koma Mountains." Mount Kisokoma is referred to as the western of the two mountains, while Mount Kaikoma is referred to as the eastern one. The mountain consists of Granite. The upper part of the mountain range is the Tree line, and a lot of Alpine plant grow naturally. Leontopodium shinanense of Leontopodium is the Endemism around Mount Kisokoma. It is called Leontopodium shinanense in Japanese. Also, Siberian Dwarf Pine can be seen around the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Komagatake Ropeway will take hikers from the base of the mountain up the Senjōjiki Col, a large cirque located 2,650 m above sea level, leaving just the last few hundreds meters of the mountain to be scaled.</p><br>
<h3>Rivers that become source</h3><br>
<p>The following rivers that become the sources flows to the Ise Bay and the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Name River, Shōzawa River (Tributary of Kiso River)</p><br>
<p>Odagiri River, Ōtagiri River (Tributary of Tenryū River)</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering and Lodgings</h2><br>
<p>There is the Komagatake Ropeway in the east side of Mount Kisokoma. A lot of tourists and hiker visit the station on the top. There are five mountain huts and one hotel located on the mountain. The hotel is named "Hotel Senjōjiki," after the cirque on the mountain. There is one campground near the lodge between Mount Kisokoma and Mount Naka. There are a lot of mountain climbing trails in the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h2>Scenery of Mount Kisokoma</h2><br>
<p>Mount Kaikoma is a mountain of the Akaishi Mountains, located on the border of Hokuto in Yamanashi Prefecture, and Ina in Nagano Prefecture, in the Chūbu region of Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The peak is 2,967 m in elevation. Mount Kaikoma is protected within Minami Alps National Park. It is one of the landmark "100 Famous Japanese Mountains."</p><br>
<p>Mount Kaikoma is referred to as the eastern of the two mountains, while Mount Kisokoma is referred to as the western one. The top of the mountain appears white, because of the many white granite rock outcrops at the top of the mountain</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Mount Kaikoma is one of the centers of Japanese Shugendo in the region.</p><br>
<p>There are 18 or more mountains in Japan that are referred to as the "Komagatake (Koma Mountains)" (駒ヶ岳 Koma-ga-take). Mount Kaikoma is the tallest of them all, just beating out neighboring Mount Kisokoma by 11 m.</p><br>
<p>The Ina Valley is located between Mount Kaikoma and Mount Kisokoma. Marishiten peak (摩利支天) is to the southeast.</p><br>
<h3>Rivers</h3><br>
<p>Rivers with headwaters on Mount Kaikoma include:</p><br>
<p>a tributary of Fuji River</p><br>
<p>a tributary of Tenryū River</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering</h2><br>
<h3>Routes</h3><br>
<p>The most popular route to climb this mountain is from Kitazawa Pass on Minami Alps Gravel Road. It takes four and half hours from the pass to the top.</p><br>
<p>The other major route is a traditional one on Kuroto-One, it takes eight hours to the top.</p><br>
<h3>Mountain Hut and Camp Site</h3><br>
<p>There are mountain huts on Mount Kaikoma, that are opened during the mountain climbing season. There also are some specified campsites. A large one around "Kitazawa-Tōge (北沢峠)" is used as base camp for climbing Mount Kaikoma and Mount Senjō.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Mountains</h2><br>
<p>It is on the main ridge line in the northern part of the Akaishi Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Rothschild House is a house in Port Townsend, Washington. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. It is included in Port Townsend Historic District which was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It was built by D. C. H. Rothschild.</p><br>
<p>The house is managed by the Jefferson County Historical Society as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>The life of D. C. H. Rothschild</h2><br>
<h3>Early business ventures</h3><br>
<p>David Charles Henry Rothschild (1824-1885) was one of seven siblings from Sulzbach am Main, Bavaria. He came to the United States in the mid 1840s. His brother, William, nearly 15 years older, had preceded him to America and settled in Harrodsburg, Kentucky where he had an establishment called "The Kentucky Store". He joined his brother in this venture but, in 1848, he returned to Sulzbach for three months, then returned to America by way of Cape Horn, to San Francisco. There, he served as secretary of the Phoenix Quartz Mining Company and worked for both the Tehama Quartz Mining Company and the North California Mining Company. Later, he and a partner opened a store in Nevada City but sold out the following year, going first to New York and then back to Bavaria. A year later, he was back in Nevada City, and opened another store.</p><br>
<h3>Travels</h3><br>
<p>After operating his latest store for a year, he decided to travel to "exotic" places for the next three years, visiting China, the East Indies, Australia, Tahiti, and the Society Islands. He returned to San Francisco to be a miner for six months, then opened a tobacco and cigar store in Sacramento. It was there that he married. He chose to raise his family in Port Townsend, where he settled with his wife Dorette (also from Bavaria). Over time, he came to be known as "The Baron&quot a reference to the famous Rothschild banking family.</p><br>
<h3>Rothschild & Co.</h3><br>
<p>In 1858, shortly after settling in Port Townsend, he established a new "Kentucky Store" which, in addition to being a regular mercantile store, provisioned ships and did some salvage operations. By 1881, shipping had become his primary focus and the business became "Rothschild & Company". His son Henry later took over the business and, in conjunction with his partner William J. Jones, expanded into stevedoring. That enterprise, now known as "Jones Stevedoring" is still in operation and is based at the Port of Seattle.</p><br>
<p>Dorje Lhakpa is a mountain in the Langtang Himal area in Nepal.</p><br>
<p>Visible also from Kathmandu valley it has an elegant pyramid-shaped figure and is an ideal target for photographers and mountaineers. Considered by many of intermediate difficulty with easiest route from the west ridge. Its climb is offered by many trekking and mountaineering agencies in Nepal.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first attempt and successful climb recorded is by a Japanese expedition in the late 1960s by the west ridge.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, a German–Nepalese expedition (Klaus Stark (leader of the expedition), Mathias Rau, Helmut Müller, Bernd Mayer (doctor), Thomas Oeser from T.A.K. (Turner-Alpen-Kränzchen), a German section of the DAV, German alpine club, and the Nepalese Joint-Members Ang Pasang (Sirdar) and Pemba Tharke) reached the mountain from the southern Balephi Khola and attempt to climb it over the west ridge. On July 11, 1986, Helmut Müller, Bernd Mayer reached the summit separately, Müller is forced to bivouac while descending.</p><br>
<p>Another attempt was made by a 7-member-team Italian expedition ADC89 during fall of 1989, again from the west ridge and approach from south. The climb was stopped after Camp 1 at approx 6100 m due to unstable snow and avalanche danger on the ridge.</p><br>
<p>In the following years (1991?) a German expedition successfully climbed the mountain again by the west ridge.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, Carlos Buhler made a solo climb of Dorje Lhakpa. Buhler did not intend initially to climb solo. The climb became a solo of the West Ridge after Carlos partner, Jon Aylward, became ill at base camp. The climb is described in Carlos 1992 American Alpine Journal article "Alone on Dorje Lhakpa".</p><br>
<p>Another successful expedition was a French team of 4 in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Ryerss Mansion, also known as Burholme Mansion, is a historic mansion in the Fox Chase neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The house was built on 85 acres by merchant Joseph Waln Ryerss in 1859 overlooking Burholme Park, one of the highest vistas in Philadelphia. Joseph was president of the Tioga Railroad and followed the family business of trading with China, Japan, and England. He also followed the family avocation of collecting art, especially oriental art.</p><br>
<p>Joseph died in 1868 leaving the house to his second wife Anne, and following her death, to his son Robert.</p><br>
<p>Robert also traveled and collected art which he displayed in the house. Less than a year before he died at age 65, Robert married his longtime housekeeper, Mary Ann Reed. She inherited a comfortable annuity and the house, with the house to be given to the City of Philadelphia after her death. She remarried three years after his death to the Reverend John G. Bawn and they continued the family avocations of traveling and art collecting. In 1905 she turned the house over to the city and it opened as a park, museum, and library in 1910 “Free to the people forever” under the administration of the Fairmount Park Commission. Mrs. Ryerss Bawn died in 1916 in China.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Bawn then returned to Philadelphia and lobbied the city to build more galleries to house the now larger collection. These galleries were built in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The Sheshma  is a river in Tatarstan and Samara Oblast, Russian Federation, a left tributary of the Kama River, falling into the Kuybyshev Reservoir near Starosheshminsk. It is 259 km long, of which 227 km are in Tatarstan, and its drainage basin covers 6,040 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The river begins in Samara Oblast, 28 km south of Leninogorsk, Tatarstan. Major tributaries are the Forest Sheshma, Kuvak, Sekines, Kichuy, and Talkysh rivers. The maximal mineralization is 600–700 mg/l. The average sediment deposition at the river mouth per year is 112 mm. The river generally is fed by underground water in the dry season. Drainage is regulated. There are major flood-plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Sheshma. Since 1978 it has been protected as a natural monument of Tatarstan. Shugurovo, Novosheshminsk and Starosheshminsk stay on the river.</p><br>
<p>The Old Government House, also known as the Old Richmond County Courthouse, is a historic courthouse located in downtown Augusta, Georgia. It housed the seat of the local government from 1801 to 1821. It is one of the oldest remaining public buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>It was built as a courthouse in 1801 and was expanded later when it served as a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th Century</h3><br>
<p>The Old Government House was built in 1801 and housed the seat of the local government. In 1821, the government sold the building to former Mayor Samuel Hale. He converted the Old Government House into an elegant residence. Many other prominent families lived in the building including those of Colonel Paul Fitzsimmons, a Charleston ship magnate, Colonel James Gardner, and James Gregg, son of the founder of Graniteville Mills. In 1877, Dr. Eugene Murphy purchased the property. His family lived in the building for 75 years.</p><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>Dr. Murphy sold the estate to the Augusta Junior League in 1952. The organization used it as a reception facility until the 1970s, when they gave it to Historic Augusta.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The City of Augusta purchased the property in 1987. City officials hired VGR Architect, to revitalize the Old Government House into a reception hall to retain its historic significance.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the Old Government House has a historic impact on Augusta. It was built in a Federal style brick with parapet end chimneys. When the building became a residence, the owner stuccoed the walls adding the elaborate recessed wings, iron portico, balcony, and trimmed windows. These changes were made in 1821 and 1839.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Old Government House is a historic reception hall that accommodates various parties and receptions. It can also be seen on the city seal and flag.</p><br>
<p>Lake Sunapee is located within Sullivan County and Merrimack County in western New Hampshire, the United States. It is the fifth-largest lake located entirely in New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 8.1 mi long (north-south) and from 0.5 to 2.5 mi wide (east-west), covering 6.5 square miles, with a maximum depth of 105 ft. It contains eleven islands (Loon Island, Elizabeth Island, Twin Islands, Great Island, Minute Island, Little Island, Star Island, Emerald Island, Isle of Pines and Penny Island) and is indented by several peninsulas and lake fingers, a combination which yields a total shoreline of some 70 mi. There are seven sandy beach areas including Mount Sunapee State Park beach; some with restricted town access. There are six boat ramps to access the lake at Sunapee Harbor, Georges Mills, Newbury, Mount Sunapee State Park, Burkehaven Marina, and a private marina. The lake contains three lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places. The driving distance around the lake is 25 mi with many miles of lake water view. The lake is 1,093 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s outlet is in Sunapee Harbor, the headway for the Sugar River, which flows west through Newport and Claremont to the Connecticut River and then to the Atlantic Ocean. The lake discharges about 250 cubic feet per second (on average), and the Sugar River drops approximately 800 ft on its 27 mi journey to the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Sunapee is a glacial lake. The glaciers deposited large rocks scattered everywhere in the woods when the ice melted about 11,000 years ago. These rocks are called glacial erratics. An example of a large glacial erratic can be found sitting on Minute Island in front of the John Hay Wildlife Refuge accessible along the wildlife shoreline trail.</p><br>
<p>The Native Americans, probably Algonquins, called the lake Soo-Nipi or "Wild Goose Waters" for the many geese that passed over the lake during migration. Lake Sunapee also resembles a bird (goose) in flight, with the bird&#39;s head as the harbor area, from an aerial view, and at times from Mount Sunapee.</p><br>
<p>Some local people can trace their ancestry back to the Penacooks who hunted geese in the autumn and fished for speckled trout using nets, weirs and spears.</p><br>
<h3>The steamboat era</h3><br>
<p>Following the extension of the B&M Railroad into Newbury, Lake Sunapee became a popular vacation area long before the introduction of the automobile. The main rail station was at Newbury Harbor, the southernmost point of the lake. Today, the village contains a colorful antique caboose commemorating the railroad line that passed by, bringing vacationers from other parts of the country.</p><br>
<p>Steamboat service developed on the lake to accommodate the new populace. Steamships ferried passengers from the south end of the lake to cottages and large resort hotels around the lake. Bay Point, Blodgett Landing, and Indian Cave, later known as Lake Avenue, were the most populated piers. One of the first commercial boats was actually propelled by horses in 1854.</p><br>
<p>N.S. Gardner purchased Little Island for $1.00 and put a bowling alley on it. He then launched the Penacook (later renamed Mountain Maid) steamer to carry passengers to Little Island, and so the steamboat era began. The Woodsum brothers launched the Lady Woodsum in 1876. It was 50 ft long and could carry 75 passengers. The 90 ft Edmund Burke was launched in 1885, carrying 600 passengers. In 1887, the Amenia White was launched; it was 101 ft long and carried 650. It was the flagship of the Woodsum fleet and the biggest steamer ever to sail Lake Sunapee.</p><br>
<p>In 1897 the 70 ft steamship Kearsarge was launched carrying 250 passengers and continues to steam daily in the summer months. In 1902 the 50 ft Weetamoo was launched and was later scuttled near Newbury. The ship is still intact and is visited frequently by local SCUBA clubs. The pilothouse of the Kearsarge was salvaged from the lake in the 1960s and is on display at the Sunapee Historical Center.</p><br>
<p>The 52 ft MV Mount Sunapee II was launched in 1965 and takes passengers on lake cruises in summer months. The original Mount Sunapee was named Susie Q and had been a rum runner in Damariscotta, Maine.</p><br>
<p>There were major steamer landings at Sunapee Harbor, Georges Mills, Lakeside Landing, Hastings Landing, Auburn Landing, Blodgett Landing, Brightwood, Pine Cliff, Lake Station, Soo-Nipi, Burkehaven, and Granliden to serve the grand hotels. The automobile led to the demise of the steamer era.</p><br>
<h2>Cities and towns</h2><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by three towns: Sunapee lies to the west, incorporating the villages of Sunapee Harbor and Georges Mills; Newbury lies to its southeast and southwest; and New London is to its east.</p><br>
<h2>Facts about Lake Sunapee</h2><br>
<h2>Lake Sunapee watershed</h2><br>
<p>New Hampshire is divided into five large river basins. The Lake Sunapee watershed is part of the Connecticut River Basin. The watershed is surrounded by high hills and 55 square miles of town lands including parts of Sunapee, Newbury, Sutton, New London, Springfield and Goshen. There are 35 streams or tributaries that empty into Sunapee. The land/water ratio is 7:1. A watershed is an ecosystem of animals, plants, micro-organisms and people who all affect the physical and chemical environment.</p><br>
<h2>GLEON - Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network</h2><br>
<p>The LSPA (Lake Sunapee Protective Association) has deployed the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) System in an area of the lake just east of Loon Island Lighthouse. LSPA has been collecting ecology data for more than 100 years.</p><br>
<h2>Beaches on Lake Sunapee</h2><br>
<p>Lake Sunapee has seven white sandy beach areas: Sunapee Harbor; Dewey Beach, Georges Mills, Newbury Harbor, Soo-Nipi, Granliden, and the Mount Sunapee State Park beach.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sunapee State Park offers activities for all seasons. Probably best known for its skiing and snowboarding, the park also offers opportunities for front-country camping, hiking, and swimming on the beach on Lake Sunapee.The entrance to Mount Sunapee State Park Beach is on the traffic circle opposite the entrance to the Mount Sunapee ski area in Newbury off Route 103B. There is ample parking. The sandy shore slopes gradually to crystal-clear deeper waters allowing bathers an opportunity to wade waist high for some distance from the shore line. The beach is the starting point for an occasional Iron Man Triathlon one-half mile swim sprint off the beach, followed by a 100 mi bike race around the lake, followed by a marathon run around Lake Sunapee.</p><br>
<p>Depending on weather, the park is open from 9:30 am – 7:30 pm. Entrance fees apply for lake access during the summer months.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sunapee abuts Lake Sunapee at the mid-southern end of the lake in Newbury.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouses</h2><br>
<p>There are five lighthouses in New Hampshire; two on the Atlantic shore and three on Lake Sunapee. The Lake Sunapee lighthouses are Loon Island Lighthouse, Burkehaven Lighthouse and Lakeside Lighthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Sunapee Dam</h2><br>
<p>Lake Sunapee was the source of water power for the mills that were built on the banks of the Sugar River as it meandered through Newport and Claremont. Benjamin Giles built the first gristmill in 1768. Later in 1813, James Wolcott built a textile mill in Newport. The flow of water out of Lake Sunapee, however, was not regular; there would be either too much flooding or too much drought. Mills had to shut down in periods of low water.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, some proprietors formed a group that led to the formation of the Sunapee Dam Corporation which, through an act of the New Hampshire legislature, obtained sole control of the lake&#39;s water level. The Dam Corporation lowered the dam threshold to 10 ft below the low water mark with flood gates to control the level of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Operation of the dam was uneventful from 1820 to 1858. By 1858 tourism became an important industry as more people were attracted to the beauty of Lake Sunapee. As the lake was lowered to power mills, the steamboats had difficulty maneuvering the waters, and farmers had to extend fences out into the water to contain livestock. Docks had to be extended.</p><br>
<p>The controversy over the management of the water level became more contentious and continued to the turn of the 20th century. The New Hampshire legislature began to shift policy and concluded that (i) Lake Sunapee was mismanaged, and (ii) that all the lakes in New Hampshire should be managed for the benefit and access of the public. In 1905, legal actions ensued until finally all the parties to the suit, including the Lake Sunapee Protective Association, founded in that same year, agreed that the lake level must be maintained within the range of 1,108.5 and 1,111.5 elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Sailing</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Sunapee Yacht Club is host to 23 Starboats, one of the largest inland fleets of the Olympic-class vessel. The Sunapee Starboat Regatta is the largest unsanctioned sailing event in the US. Lake Sunapee&#39;s own Brad Nichol and his teammate Andy Horton, Starboat contenders for the 2008 Olympics, were named 2006 Team of the Year by, the national governing body of sailing in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Sunapee Protective Association</h2><br>
<p>The LSPA is the oldest environmental association in New Hampshire. The association has been working to protect and preserve lake Sunapee and other lakes in the region since 1898. "The lake is the one jewel that calls us all here," said the first president, Colonel Hopkins of LSPA. LSPA has been testing the waters of Lake Sunapee since 1950. Water is collected regularly and analyzed at Colby-Sawyer College Labs. LSPA is a non-profit educational association.</p><br>
<h2>Summer/winter activities</h2><br>
<p>League of NH Craftsmen&#39;s Fair: The League of New Hampshire Craftsmen starts this annual nine-day event on the first Saturday in August. More than 200 individual craft booths under tents at Mount Sunapee State Park in Newbury.</p><br>
<p>Love Your Lake Day & Boat Parade: The LSPA hosts an annual display of classic boats at Sunapee Harbor in August. Family activities and displays are available on land "Under the Tent". The day is complemented by the availability of refreshments and a trip to the Sunapee Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>Sunapee Bike Race: Sanctioned by the USCF. Includes races for children as young as 10.</p><br>
<p>Colonial Pemaquid State Historic Site is a publicly owned historic property operated by the state of Maine near Pemaquid Beach in Bristol, Maine. The site includes the reconstructed Fort William Henry, archaeological remains of 17th- and 18th-century village buildings and fortifications, and a museum with artifacts found on the site including musket balls, coins, pottery, and early hardware.</p><br>
<p>Pemaquid was a major regional flashpoint in the late 17th-century and early 18th-century conflicts between English and French settlers, and between English settlers and the local Native population. The site has been of historical and archaeological interest since the late 19th century and has been a state park since 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 (as "Pemaquid Restoration and Museum") and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1993 (as "Pemaquid Archeological Site").</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Colonial Pemaquid is set on a small north-facing peninsula on the south side of the mouth of the Pemaquid River, north of Pemaquid Point, a spit of land in mid-coast Maine. The site is mostly level or gently sloping terrain that has been covered in grass. The site is accessed via a drive from the south, which provides access to parking areas above the main historic settlement area. There is a 20th-century building housing a visitor center and small museum, an 18th-century house that has been repurposed for use as an archaeological laboratory and storage space, and the reconstructed bastion of Fort William Henry at the northwestern tip of the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The eastern portion of the site is where the major colonial village was located, and is now only visible as a series of depressions in the grass. The western portion of the site is where Fort William Henry, the 17th-century fortification, and Fort Frederick, the 18th-century fortification, were located. Foundational remnants of some of the buildings remain. Archaeological remains have been judged to have a high state of preservation, since many remains were deep enough to avoid damage when the area was used for agriculture, and those same farming practices resulted in the filling in of cellar holes, further preserving cultural artifacts there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pemaquid has a colonial settlement history dating to the early decades of the 17th century, with a succession of conflicts leading the site to be attacked on several occasions and entirely abandoned twice. The area was used by English and French traders and fishermen on a seasonal basis for some time, and the first documented permanent residence was established in 1628. The Pemaquid peninsula, located between the mouth of the Kennebec River in the west and Penobscot Bay to the east, was considered by the French as part of Acadia, which they claimed extended to the Kennebec. The early English settlers traded with English settlements further south, as well as the local Abenaki people and the French, sometimes in opposition to the policies of the formal New England colonies to the south.</p><br>
<p>In 1664 the area was granted by King Charles II to his brother James, Duke of York, and was made part of the Province of New York. At this time the settlement was reported to have less than 30 houses. By 1673, when the area came under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, there were more than 40 houses and 150-200 residents. King Philips War, a major conflict that engulfed New England in 1675, resulted in attacks on Pemaquid and its outlying settlements, and the community was abandoned in 1676. New York authorities reasserted control over the area after the war, and established a formal administration, granting monopoly trading rights to a few favored residents. In 1688 the area was folded into the Dominion of New England. The Dominion governor Edmund Andros built a wooden fort in 1688, which did not prevent the community from being sacked at the outbreak of King Williams War in 1689 by a combined force of French and Indians.</p><br>
<p>The Dominion of New England collapsed in 1692, and Massachusetts authorities constructed the stone Fort William Henry in that year at great expense. Ongoing hostile relations with both the Natives and the French resulted in continued low-level conflict, which elevated in 1696 to a major attack on the settlement in 1696, in which French colonial forces and Indians were assisted by French naval forces in capturing and razing the settlement. Pemaquid would not be resettled until 1729 due to ongoing Native resistance that was not quelled until the 1720s Dummer&#39;s War.</p><br>
<p>In 1729 David Dunbar, a local crown representative and entrepreneur, sought to establish an colony of Irish settlers called "Georgia" at Pemaquid, and constructed Fort Frederick. Massachusetts political leaders opposed this attempt to establish another colony, and successfully petitioned the king to regain control of the area. Settlers remained, but the area&#39;s military importance declined, especially after New France fell in 1759 during the French and Indian War. Fort Frederick was demolished by local authorities during the American Revolutionary War to prevent its use by British troops, and the area became a rural backwater.</p><br>
<p>Historical interest in the area was stimulated in the late 19th century, and early archaeological investigation uncovered the foundations of the fort. The state acquired the site in 1903, and the large circular bastion of Fort William Henry was reconstructed (based on drawings dating to 1699) in 1908. The site was investigated by archaeologist Warren K. Moorehead in the 1920s, but systematic investigation of the site did not begin until the 1960s, and continues to this day.</p><br>
<p>Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village is a Shaker village near New Gloucester and Poland, Maine, in the United States. It is the last active Shaker community, with only two members as of 2017. The community was established in either 1782, 1783 or 1793, at the height of the Shaker movement in the United States. The Sabbathday Lake meetinghouse was built in 1794. The entire property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Shakers</h3><br>
<p>The Shakers were originally located in England in 1747, in the home of Mother Ann Lee. They developed from the religious group called the Quakers which originated in the 17th century. Both groups believed that everybody could find God within him or herself, rather than through clergy or rituals, but the Shakers tended to be more emotional and demonstrative in their worship. Shakers also believed that their lives should be dedicated to pursuing perfection and continuously confessing their sins and attempting a cessation of sinning.</p><br>
<p>The Shakers migrated to Colonial America in 1774 in pursuit of religious freedom. They built 19 communal settlements that attracted some 20,000 converts over the next century. The first Shaker village was built in New Lebanon, New York at the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society. The other 18 communities were built in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia and Florida. Strict believers in celibacy, Shakers maintained their numbers through conversion and adoption of orphans. The group reached maximum size of about 6,000 full members in 1840.</p><br>
<h3>Sabbathday Lake</h3><br>
<p>The Shaker settlement at Sabbathday Lake was established by a group of Shaker missionaries in 1782, 1783 or 1793 and was then known as Thompsons Pond Plantation. The community grew to over two hundred members in less than a year. Its location in Cumberland County, Maine, made it the most northern and eastern of all the Shaker communes. The Sabbathday Lake community grew to a size of 1,900 acre with 26 large buildings by 1850. Buildings on the grounds included the meetinghouse, the Brethrens Shop which still holds a working blacksmith shop and woodworking operation. A large, new, Central Dwelling House was built in 1883 or 1884. The Shakers strived to be as self-sufficient as possible, while being an active part of the community. They built a mill and farm that enabled them to sell produce and commercial goods to the outside world. In 1823 there were about 150 members at the Sabbathday Lake community. Numbers diminished from there over the years to the three remaining as of 2009. Membership to the community is still open, and occasionally "novices" will explore joining the society.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, after "months of prayer," Eldresses Gertrude, Emma, and Ida, the leaders of the United Society of Believers and members of Canterbury Shaker Village, voted to close the Shaker Covenant, the document which all new members need to sign to become members of the Shakers. In 1988, speaking about the three men and women in their 20s and 30s who had joined the Shakers and were living in the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, Eldress Bertha Lindsay "To become a Shaker you have to sign a legal document taking the necessary vows and that document, the official covenant, is locked up in our safe. Membership is closed forever."</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village has 14 working buildings. Including the Central Dwelling House which houses the Shaker Sisters. The Central Dwelling House is also home to a music room, chapel, kitchen and large dining room.</p><br>
<p>This Museum is the largest repository of Maine Shaker culture. Examples of furniture, oval boxes, woodenware, metal and tin wares, technology and tools, "fancy" sales goods, costume and textiles, visual arts, and herbal and medicinal products are among the 13,000 artifacts currently part of the Sabbathday Lake collection. The collection represents every Shaker Community known to have existed, special emphasis has been placed upon preserving the heritage of the Maine Shaker Communities, including Sabbathday Lake, Poland Hill, Gorham, and Alfred.</p><br>
<h2>Present and future</h2><br>
<p>As Shakers are celibate, new members cannot be born into the group and must join from the outside. Many prospective members find the celibacy a major drawback and it keeps them from joining. Current members have taken steps to ensure that Sabbathday Lake Village will remain largely unchanged once the final members of the group die.</p><br>
<p>The 1,643 acre of land owned by the Shakers in both Cumberland County and Androscoggin County include Sabbathday Lake which is 340 acre with 5,000 ft of undeveloped shoreline with a beach that is open to the public and the 150 acre Shaker Bog. Other dismantled Shaker villages were converted into housing lots or prisons. In order to avoid this fate at Sabbathday Lake the Shakers took some preventive measures in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Preservation and conservation easements were sold to Maine Preservation and the New England Forestry Foundation. The two groups with the help of eight other public and non-profit agencies are working to cover cost of the easements. The village and surrounding farmland and forests will be protected from development. Brother Arnold Hadd was quoted by the Boston Globe in 2006. "We can&#39;t put up a Wal-Mart. Or a housing development. The land always has to remain for agricultural and forest purposes."</p><br>
<p>The selling of future development rights has enabled the Shakers to restore and maintain the structures of the village. They also make money by leasing 29 cottage lots on Sabbathday Lake, leasing 1,000 acre of forests, 30 acre of farmland and orchards and a gravel pit. Other income sources include production of fancy goods, basket making, weaving, printing, and the manufacturing of some small woodenware. Their operation is run with the help of six year-round employees and six seasonal employees.</p><br>
<p>On January 2, 2017, the community said that female community member, Sister Frances Carr had died that day. With Carr&#39;s death, Sister June Carpenter and Brother Arnold Hadd are now the last remaining Shakers.</p><br>
<h2>Community life</h2><br>
<p>This community, founded in 1783, was one of the smaller Shaker groups during the sect&#39;s heyday. They farm and practice a variety of handicrafts; a Shaker Museum and Sunday services are open to visitors. Mother Ann Lee is celebrated on the first Sunday of August to commemorate the arrival of the English Shakers in America in 1774. The congregation sings and a Mother Ann cake is presented.</p><br>
<p>The daily schedule of a Shaker in Sabbathday Lake Village is as follows:</p><br>
<p>The day begins at 7:30 am; the Great Bell on Dwelling House rings, calling everyone to breakfast.</p><br>
<p>At 8:00 am morning prayers start. Two Psalms are read, then passages are read from elsewhere in the Bible. Following this is communal prayer and silent prayer, concluded with the singing of a Shaker hymn.</p><br>
<p>Work for the Shakers begins at 8:30.</p><br>
<p>Work stops at 11:30 for midday prayers.</p><br>
<p>Lunch begins at 12:00. This is the main meal for the Shakers.</p><br>
<p>Work continues at 1:00 pm</p><br>
<p>At 6:00 it is dinner time, the last meal of the day.</p><br>
<p>On Wednesdays at 5:00 pm they hold a prayer meeting which is followed by a Shaker Studies class.</p><br>
<h2>Shaker Trust</h2><br>
<p>To preserve their legacy as well as their idyllic lakeside property at Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, the Shakers announced in October 2005 that they had entered into a trust with the state of Maine and several conservation groups. Under the agreement, the Shakers will sell conservation easements to the trust, allowing the village to ward off development and continue operating as long as there are Shakers to live there.</p><br>
<p>The agreement does not specify whether the property will become a park, museum, or other public space should the Shakers die out. That decision would be made by a nonprofit corporation—the United Society of Shakers, Sabbathday Lake Inc.—whose board members are largely non-Shakers. The $3.7 million conservation plan relies on grants, donations, and public funds.</p><br>
